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Caledonia County, Vermont

Coordinates: 44°28′N 72°06′W / 44.46°N 72.10°W / 44.46; -72.10
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Caledonia County
County
Caledonia Superior Court in St. Johnsbury
Caledonia Superior Court in St. Johnsbury
Map of Vermont highlighting Caledonia County
Location within the U.S. state of Vermont
Map of the United States highlighting Vermont
Vermont's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 44°28′N 72°06′W / 44.46°N 72.10°W / 44.46; -72.10
Country United States
State Vermont
Founded1796
Named forLatin name for Scotland
Shire TownSt. Johnsbury
Largest townSt. Johnsbury
Government
 • State's Attorney
• Assistant Judges

• Probate Judge
• Sheriff
• High Bailiff		Jessica Zaleski (R/D)
John S. Hall (D)
Roy C. Vance (R/D)
William W. Cobb (D)
James Hemond (D/R)
Robert Gerrish (R)
Area
 • Total
658 sq mi (1,700 km2)
 • Land649 sq mi (1,680 km2)
 • Water8.7 sq mi (23 km2)  1.3%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
30,233
 • Density46/sq mi (18/km2)
DemonymCaledonian
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districtAt-large

Caledonia County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,233.[1] Its shire town (county seat) is the town of St. Johnsbury.[2] The county was created in 1792 and organized in 1796.[3] It was given the Latin name for Scotland, in honor of the many settlers who claimed ancestry there.[4]

History

[edit]

The county shares the same pre-Columbian history with the Northeast Kingdom.

Rogers' Rangers were forced to retreat through the county following their attack on Saint-Francis, Quebec in 1759. To confound their avenging pursuers, they had split up. One group came south over the summit into the Passumpsic River Valley.[5]

Vermont was divided into two counties in March 1778. In 1781 the legislature divided the northernmost county, Cumberland, into three counties. Windham and Windsor Counties were located about where they are now. The northern remainder was called Orange County. The latter tract nearly corresponded with the old New York county of Gloucester, organized by that province March 16, 1770, with Newbury as the shire town.[6]

On November 5, 1792, the legislature divided Chittenden and Orange Counties into six separate counties, as follows: Chittenden, Orange, Franklin, Caledonia, Essex, and Orleans.[6] There is a supposition that the county was called Caledonia, to commemorate the large number of Scottish settlers.[7]

Caledonians joined the Union Army in response to a call for volunteers. In September 1861, they joined the Vermont 6th Vermont Infantry, and helped fill out Companies B, D and E. The regiment ultimately became part of the First Vermont Brigade.[8]

In 2008, the county was declared a federal disaster area as the result of storms and flooding which occurred on July 18.[9]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 658 square miles (1,700 km2), of which 649 square miles (1,680 km2) is land and 8.7 square miles (23 km2) (1.3%) is water.[10]

Caledonia is the most populated county of the three in the Northeast Kingdom. However, it is the smallest in area of the three.

The county has a number of brooks and rivers. The Connecticut River runs along the southeast and forms one of the eastern boundaries of the county. The northern towns are drained by the head branches of the Passumpsic River, which is the largest in the county. It flows south and empties into the Connecticut River in Barnet. There are the Wells, Stevens and Joe's Rivers in the south. In the west the head waters of the Winooski and Lamoille Rivers. There are about twenty lakes and ponds in the county. The largest are Harvey's Lake, in Barnet; Wells River and Lund's Ponds, in Groton; Cole's Pond, in Walden; Clark's and Center Ponds, in Newark; and Stile's Pond, in Waterford. There are falls at different places on the Connecticut, Passumpsic, Wells and Joe's Rivers. Stevens River, near its mouth, falls 80 feet (24 m) in a distance of 20 rods (330 ft; 100 m). Some of the water power has been harnessed for electricity.[11]

There are sulphur springs in Wheelock, Haynesville, in Hardwick; and in St. Johnsbury, near the Moose River.[11]

Geology

[edit]

Calciferous mica schist underlies much of the county. There is argillaceous slate running through Waterford and Kirby, which narrows in Burke.[11]

Waterford had a lot of talc. This belongs to the gold bearing formations. Specimens of gold were found in town, and iron and copper pyrites in veins. But none in commercial quality. In Waterford there was an outcrop of slate that was quarried for roofing. Kirby Mountain, in Kirby, was largely granite of commercial quality.[11]

Ryegate had 300 acres (120 ha) granite on the south and west sides of Blue Mountain. The granite was created by volcanic action. This was a medium colored granite of commercial grain and texture. It was quarried in the 19th century. It lay in sheets 3 inches (76 mm) to 10 feet (3.0 m) or 15 feet (4.6 m).[11]

Perhaps the most widely known monument locally using this granite was the soldiers monument at Peacham, Vermont. Monuments from this granite exist all over the country. This was one of the best quality quarries in the country in the 19th century.[11]

The presence of Kame terraces in the country are of interest in connection with the drift that gave the Northeast Kingdom its soil, and its surface stones and boulders. These terraces have beds of sand and clay from which bricks were once manufactured.[11]

Based on research by Edward Hitchcock two or three basins can be identified based on a larger number of interconnected terraces in the Passumpsic River Valley.[11]

The first extends from the mouth of the Passumpsic River in Barnet, to the northwest corner of the town of Waterford, on the railroad. It is about 4 miles (6.4 km) long. The river runs through a narrow valley in Barnet, a gorge with no terraces. Narrow terraces in the Town of Passumpsic expand and form a basin. The fourth terrace on the west side of the river is part of the next basin, which is in St. Johnsbury and Lyndon. St. Johnsbury Village is on this high terrace which is called "St. Johnsbury Plain". The base of the terraces at St. Johnsbury is composed of clay. The same terrace occurs on both sides of the river valley beyond Lyndon. There are lower terraces at intervals.[11]

Lyndonville has a high terrace. This may have once extended across the valley to form the end of a basin. Its lower strata are clayey, and are folded and curved. West of this terrace the level is lower. There is the course of a former river bed which ran towards the east. At the upper village of Lyndon the first terrace is about 1 mile (1.6 km) wide. There is a lot of sand and fine gravel adjoining.[11]

Every stream from either side of the valley has its large terraces to correspond with those of the Passumpsic River. It is a characteristic of these terraces that they are large while their quantity is small. The count never exceeds five which is unusual.[11]

The third basin includes the east branch of the Passumpsic River which runs through the Town of Burke. In East Burke there are several terraces. Near the village there are four on the west side, and two on the east side. Above East Burke the valley rises so that its bottom appears like a terrace. Its steep slope crosses the valley at right angles. There are indistinct terraces on its sides. Since the valley seems to be too wide to correspond with the size of the river, the valley may have been formed by water from unknown sources in prehistoric times.[11]

Caledonia has more muck deposits than any other county in the state. This was once thought to be profitable for farmers.[11]

Adjacent counties

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18009,377—
181018,74099.9%
182016,669−11.1%
183020,96725.8%
184021,8914.4%
185023,5957.8%
186021,708−8.0%
187022,2352.4%
188023,6076.2%
189023,436−0.7%
190024,3814.0%
191026,0316.8%
192025,762−1.0%
193027,2535.8%
194024,320−10.8%
195024,049−1.1%
196022,786−5.3%
197022,7890.0%
198025,80813.2%
199027,8467.9%
200029,7026.7%
201031,2275.1%
202030,233−3.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[12]
1790–1960[13] 1900–1990[14]
1990–2000[15] 2010–2018[1]

2010 census

[edit]

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 31,227 people, 12,553 households, and 8,153 families residing in the county.[16] The population density was 48.1 inhabitants per square mile (18.6/km2). There were 15,942 housing units at an average density of 24.6 per square mile (9.5/km2).[17] Of the 12,553 households, 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.1% were non-families, and 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age was 42.1 years.[16]

The median income for a household in the county was $42,706 and the median income for a family was $51,503. Males had a median income of $40,223 versus $30,707 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,504. About 9.6% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.6% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.[18]

Government

[edit]

As in all Vermont counties, there is a small executive function which is mostly consolidated at the state level. Remaining county government is judicial. There are no "county taxes".

In 2007, median property taxes in the county were $2,278, placing it 265 out of 1,817 counties in the nation with populations over 20,000.[19]

The elected officials of the county are as follows:

Position[20] Name Party First elected
State Senator Joe Benning Republican 2010
M. Jane Kitchel Dem/Rep 2004
State Rep District 1 Marcia R. Martel Republican 2014
State Rep District 2 Chip Troiano Democratic 2014
State Rep District 3 Scott Beck Republican 2014
Scott Campbell Dem/Prog 2018
State Rep District 4 Martha Feltus Republican 2012
Patrick Seymour Rep/Dem 2018
State Rep District Cal-Wash Catherine Beattie Toll Democratic 2008
State's Attorney Jessica Zaleski Rep/Dem 2018
Assistant Judge John S. Hall Democratic 2014
Roy C. Vance Dem/Rep 2006
Probate Judge William W. Cobb Democratic 2018
Sheriff James Hemond Dem/Rep 2022
High Bailiff Robert Gerrish Republican 2022
Justices of the Peace:
Justices of the Peace[21]
Current composition of justices.
Town Name Party First elected
Barnet
7		 Steven Adler Democratic 2014
Susan Coppenrath Democratic 2012
William Graves Independent 2002
Susan Jensen Republican 2008
Dennis Mclam Republican 2010
Stanley Robinson Independent 2004
Shellie Samuels Democratic 2014
Burke
7		 Susan Carr Republican 2014
Cathleen Feeley Independent 2004
Joel Gilbert Democratic 2012
William David Hammond Independent 2018
Joan Harlowe Democratic 2008
Christian Bradley Hubbs Progressive 2018
John Kascenska Republican 2018
Danville
10		 Eric Bach Democratic 2016
Ted Houle Independent 2012
Virginia Incerpi Republican 2008
Jane Larrabee Republican 2004
Julie Larrabee Republican 2006
Justin Lavely Democratic 2014
Kenneth Linsley Republican 2016
Bruce Melendy Republican 2012
Lindsey Mitchell Democratic 2014
Phyllis Kehley Sweeney Democratic 2010
Groton
7		 Timothy Daily Sr Democratic 2008
Tirone Dyer Democratic 2016
Deborah Jurist Democratic 2010
Dorothy Knott Republican 2014
Linda Nunn Democratic 2012
Carrie Peters Democratic 2014
Brent Smith Republican 2012
Hardwick
10		 Donna Casavant Democratic 2012
James Casavant Democratic 2008
Bradley Ferland Independent 2010
Jean Hackett Democratic 2012
Bill Hill Republican 2004
Robin Leslie Democratic 2018
Tracy Martin Republican 2016
Allan Michaud Democratic 2012
Lenore Renaud Democratic 2006
George Whitney Republican 2010
Kirby
5		 David Emery Democratic 2012
Anne Mclaughry Democratic 2008
Karen Moore Republican 2014
Timothy Peters Democratic 2016
Vacant n/a
Lyndon
15		 Joe Benning Republican 2008
Catherine M. Boykin Democratic 2010
Edith Bell Brown Democratic 1996
Kevin Calkins Republican 2004
Michael Codding Republican 2012
Dan Daley Democratic 2016
Libre E. Drouin Democratic 2016
Reed Garfield Republican 2018
Kathy M. Gray Democratic 2012
Oralie Lefaivre Republican 2014
Ken Mason Republican 2014
Sean R. Mcfeeley Democratic 2016
Brenda J. Mitchell Republican 2010
Beth Quimby Republican 2002
Sara J. Simpson Democratic 2012
Newark
5		 John Findlay Independent 2008
Elizabeth Grout Republican 2010
Sarah Newell Independent 2016
Mary Ann Riggie Republican 2012
Laura Rodger Independent 2010
Peacham
5		 Jean Dedam Democratic 2014
Cynthia Greene Democratic 2010
Eric Kaufman Democratic 2014
Samuel Kempton Democratic 2006
Diana Senturia Democratic 2012
Ryegate
7		 Todd Colby Republican 2014
Katherine Davie Democratic 2016
Michael Murray Republican 2018
Darcy Nelson Republican 2008
Jennifer R. Nelson Democratic 2010
Nancy Perkins Democratic 2006
Robert Rowden Republican 2018
Sheffield
5		 Barbara Bristol Independent 2012
Gay Ellis Republican 2010
Leslie Ham Democratic 2016
Dorothy Scofield Democratic 2008
Sally Woodsimons Republican 2018
St. Johnsbury
15		 Pierre Berube Republican 2006
Mark Bickford Independent 2000
David Brown Republican 2012
Stephanie Churchill Democratic 2014
Anne Cosgrove Democratic 2010
Albert Dunn Republican 2012
Conrad Doyon Democratic 2014
Durward Ellis Republican 1998
John Goodrich Republican 2008
Gretchen Hammer Republican 2006
Diane Holmes Republican 2016
Kevin Oddy Democratic 2012
Abby Pollender Democratic 2018
Lisa Rivers Democratic 2008
Milton Rivers Democratic 2004
Stannard
5		 Christine Foster Independent 2006
Joseph Gresser Independent 2012
John Reynolds Independent 1988
Evelyn Rich Democratic 2016
Chip Troiano Democratic 2010
Sutton
5		 Marlin Devenger Independent 2012
Danielle Fortin Republican 2012
Celeste Girrell Democratic 2008
Alan Seymour Republican 2014
Patrick Seymour Independent 2016
Walden
5		 Diane Cochran Republican 2014
Michael Coffey Democratic 2016
Annette Foster Independent 2010
Roger Fox Republican 2014
P. Ann Gaillard Republican 2012
Waterford
7		 Brent Beck Republican 2010
Kevin Gillander Republican 2018
Charles Lawrence Republican 2008
David E. Morrison Republican 2018
William Piper Independent 2006
Marcia R. Martel Republican 2010
Bernard Willey Republican 2014
Wheelock
5		 Stephen Amos Democratic 2002
Eileen Boland Democratic 2012
Kimberly Cradysmith Republican 2010
Peter Miller Republican 2018
Carol Rossi Democratic 2014

Elections

[edit]

In 1828, Caledonia County voted for National Republican Party candidate John Quincy Adams.

In 1832, the county was won by Anti-Masonic Party candidate William Wirt.

From William Henry Harrison in 1836 to Winfield Scott in 1852, the county would vote the Whig Party candidates.

From John C. Frémont in 1856 to Richard Nixon in 1960 (barring 1912, where the county was won by Progressive Party candidate and former president Theodore Roosevelt), the Republican Party would have a 104-year winning streak in the county.

In 1964, the county was won by Democratic Party incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson, who became not only the first Democratic presidential candidate to win the county, but to win the state of Vermont entirely.

Following the Democrats' victory in 1964, the county went back to voting for Republican candidates for another 20 year winning streak starting with Richard Nixon in 1968 and ending with George H. W. Bush in 1988.

The county would be won by Bill Clinton in both the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections.

George W. Bush would win the county in 2000 and would be the last time a Republican presidential candidate would carry the county.

John Kerry won the county in 2004 and it has been won by Democratic candidates ever since.

United States presidential election results for Caledonia County, Vermont[22]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 6,927 41.65% 8,977 53.97% 729 4.38%
2020 6,551 40.52% 9,011 55.73% 607 3.75%
2016 5,534 39.32% 6,445 45.79% 2,095 14.89%
2012 5,088 37.24% 8,192 59.97% 381 2.79%
2008 5,472 37.15% 8,900 60.43% 356 2.42%
2004 6,765 47.60% 7,106 50.00% 340 2.39%
2000 6,746 49.45% 5,859 42.95% 1,036 7.59%
1996 4,089 34.66% 5,593 47.40% 2,117 17.94%
1992 4,571 34.99% 4,948 37.88% 3,543 27.12%
1988 6,915 61.13% 4,251 37.58% 146 1.29%
1984 7,249 68.32% 3,223 30.38% 138 1.30%
1980 5,986 56.88% 3,284 31.21% 1,253 11.91%
1976 5,488 59.63% 3,511 38.15% 204 2.22%
1972 6,762 68.04% 3,094 31.13% 83 0.84%
1968 4,996 58.88% 3,201 37.73% 288 3.39%
1964 3,258 36.24% 5,732 63.76% 0 0.00%
1960 6,688 69.69% 2,909 30.31% 0 0.00%
1956 7,560 81.26% 1,744 18.74% 0 0.00%
1952 7,595 80.60% 1,807 19.18% 21 0.22%
1948 5,873 68.75% 2,585 30.26% 84 0.98%
1944 5,086 64.46% 2,804 35.54% 0 0.00%
1940 5,793 62.56% 3,444 37.19% 23 0.25%
1936 6,054 64.25% 3,342 35.47% 27 0.29%
1932 6,066 62.27% 3,621 37.17% 54 0.55%
1928 6,616 78.07% 1,832 21.62% 26 0.31%
1924 6,205 83.60% 929 12.52% 288 3.88%
1920 5,537 75.85% 1,694 23.21% 69 0.95%
1916 3,024 60.44% 1,887 37.72% 92 1.84%
1912 1,583 32.86% 1,065 22.11% 2,169 45.03%
1908 2,700 74.63% 764 21.12% 154 4.26%
1904 2,944 81.53% 580 16.06% 87 2.41%
1900 2,957 76.79% 817 21.22% 77 2.00%
1896 3,474 78.65% 729 16.50% 214 4.84%
1892 2,646 65.24% 1,222 30.13% 188 4.64%
1888 3,083 65.82% 1,249 26.67% 352 7.51%
1884 2,639 61.99% 1,314 30.87% 304 7.14%
1880 3,134 69.11% 1,372 30.25% 29 0.64%

Transportation

[edit]

Airport

[edit]

The Caledonia County Airport is located in Lyndon, Vermont.[23]

Major highways

[edit]

Communities

[edit]

Towns

[edit]

Villages

[edit]

Incorporated villages are census divisions and provide additional services. They remain part of the towns they are in. Cities are formed when villages become large enough to warrant greater governmental organization, and become separate from the surrounding town.

  • Burke Hollow – unincorporated village of Burke
  • East Hardwick – unincorporated village of Hardwick
  • East Lyndon – unincorporated village of Lyndon
  • East Ryegate – unincorporated village of Ryegate
  • East St. Johnsbury – unincorporated village of St. Johnsbury
  • Lower Waterford – unincorporated village of Waterford
  • Lyndon Corner – unincorporated village of Lyndon; corresponds to the Lyndon census-designated place
  • Lyndonville – incorporated village of Lyndon
  • Mackville – unincorporated village of Hardwick
  • McIndoe Falls – unincorporated village of Barnet
  • Passumpsic – unincorporated village of Barnet
  • Ryegate Corner – unincorporated village of Ryegate
  • South Kirby – unincorporated village of Kirby
  • South Ryegate – unincorporated village of Ryegate
  • St. Johnsbury Center – unincorporated village of St. Johnsbury
  • Upper Waterford – unincorporated village of Waterford
  • West Burke – incorporated village of Burke

Census-designated places

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ "Vermont: Individual County Chronologies". Vermont Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2008. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  4. ^ "AT&T user page". Caledonia County, Vermont Local History and Genealogy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  5. ^ Darrell Hoyt (1985). Sketches of Orleans, Vermont. Mempremagog Press. ISBN 0-9610860-2-5., page 1
  6. ^ a b Child, Hamilton. (May 1887). Gazetteer of Lamoille and Orleans Counties, VT.; 1883-1884. Hamilton Child.
  7. ^ Orleans County, Vermont: History and Information Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. E-referencedesk.com. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.
  8. ^ Hueguenin, Joan (November 2011). Northeast Kingdom Civil War Roundtable: 4, 5. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ Sutkowski, Matt (August 18, 2008). Part of Vt. declared a disaster area. Burlington Free Press.
  10. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Child, Hamilton. (May 1887). Gazetteer of Lamoille and Orleans Counties, VT.; 1883-1884. Hamilton Child.
  12. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  13. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  14. ^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  15. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  16. ^ a b "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  17. ^ "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  18. ^ "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  19. ^ McLean, Dan (December 17, 2008). Property tax bills among highest. Burlington Free Press.
  20. ^ "CloudfloorDNS - Managed DNS, Failover, GEO DNS, Domain Registration & Management". vtelectionarchive.sec.state.vt.us.
  21. ^ "Town Meeting & Local Elections | Elections | Vermont Secretary of State". Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  22. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  23. ^ "Caledonia County Airport. Vermont Agency of Transportation. Retrieved 18 June 2012". Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
  24. ^ Wheeler, Scott (June 2010). "Search for /Charles Lindbergh's Kidnapped Son comes to Vermont". Vermont's Northland Journal. 9 (3): 14–15.
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