Jump to content

New York Hall of Science

Coordinates: 40°44′50″N 73°51′06″W / 40.7472°N 73.8517°W / 40.7472; -73.8517
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

New York Hall of Science
Entrance with the original building in the background (2019)
Map
Established1964 (1964)
Location47-01 111th Street
Corona, New York
Coordinates40°44′50″N 73°51′06″W / 40.7472°N 73.8517°W / 40.7472; -73.8517
TypeScience-technology museum
AccreditationASTC
Public transit accessSubway: "7" train train to 111th Street
Bus: Q23, Q58 at 108th Street, Q48 at Roosevelt Avenue[1]
Nearest car parkOn-site
Websitenysci.org

The New York Hall of Science, branded as NYSCI, is a science museum at 47-01 111th Street, within Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, in the Corona neighborhood of Queens in New York City, United States. It occupies one of the few remaining structures from the 1964 New York World's Fair, along with two annexes completed in 1996 and 2004. There are more than 400 hands-on exhibits, which focus on biology, chemistry, and physics. Wallace Harrison designed the original structure, a 80-foot-high (24 m) curving concrete structure called the Great Hall. It adjoins an entrance rotunda designed by Beyer Blinder Belle; a glass-and-metal north wing designed by Todd H. Schliemann; a science playground; and Rocket Park, which contains a collection of spacecraft.

The museum includes the Hall of Science pavilion and the adjacent Space Park, developed for the 1964 New York World's Fair. The Hall of Science opened as a fair attraction on June 16 and reopened as a museum on September 21, 1966. Following an attempt to renovate it in the 1980s, it was temporarily shuttered in January 1981 for another. Due to financial issues, it was abandoned after the renovation was completed in 1983. Alan J. Friedman took over, reopening it in 1986; he also oversaw the development of the two annexes. The original building was renovated between 2009 and 2015. It was temporarily closed during the early 2020s due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Hurricane Ida.

The New York Hall of Science mainly focuses on children's education. It includes a large permanent collection and range of traveling exhibitions. It has hosted numerous temporary exhibits over the years, although many of its exhibits in the 1960s and 1970s had only a tangential connection to science. It offers several programs for students, operates the Alan J. Friedman Center for youth education and holds events such as the seasonal Queens Night Market and Maker Faire.

World's Fair use

[edit]

The current New York Hall of Science museum includes both the Hall of Science pavilion and the adjacent Space Park at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens.[2] Both structures were originally constructed for the 1964 New York World's Fair,[2] which U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower had approved in 1959.[3] Before the Hall of Science was constructed, New York City had no science-specific museum. There had been a small science museum, the New York Museum of Science and Industry, at Rockefeller Center until the 1940s.[4]

Development

[edit]

Initial plans

[edit]

U.S. Representative Seymour Halpern introduced legislation in 1960 to provide funding for a permanent science museum, library, and auditorium at the fair.[5] Robert Moses, who was the president of the World's Fair Corporation (WFC), also advocated for a large science museum at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.[6] Moses initially supported the creation of a science museum at the nearby United States Pavilion.[7] In 1962, City Councilmember Bernard H. Manheimer introduced legislation in the New York City Council to establish a science museum for $15–20 million. At the time, nine sites were under discussion, including the World's Fair site.[8] Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. and City Council president Paul R. Screvane supported a science museum at the World's Fair. The proposed science museum was to be located at 111th Street near the Long Island Rail Road tracks in Corona,[9] on a site that other exhibitors had shunned.[10] Screvane wanted to obtain funding for the exhibits from an unspecified private foundation, which rejected the request as "weak".[11]

A competing museum, the New York Museum of Science and Technology, had received a charter from the New York state government in December 1962.[9][12] The museum's board preferred erecting a building in Manhattan, saying that the World's Fair building would contain only 50,000 square feet (4,600 m2), cost up to $8.5 million, and could not be ready within a year.[9] There were concerns that the World's Fair site would be too far from Manhattan,[4][9][13] even though there was a New York City Subway station nearby at 111th Street.[11] Another institution, the New York Academy of Sciences, wanted to build a 21-story science museum at Lincoln Center in Manhattan.[4] Nonetheless, in April 1963, the Hall of Science at the World's Fair received approval from Wagner,[14] the New York City Planning Commission,[15] and the City Council.[16] New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller authorized the city government to negotiate with nonprofit organizations to operate the Hall of Science.[17]

Design and construction

[edit]

Wallace K. Harrison was hired to design the museum, which was to include 32,000 square feet (3,000 m2) of exhibit space on two levels. Initially, the city allocated $3.6 million to the Hall of Science, taking funds that had been earmarked for an incinerator.[11] Work on the Hall of Science began on June 19, 1963.[18] By that October, the museum needed another $1.6 million in funding. To expedite the Hall of Science's construction, Harrison decided to prefabricate the concrete panels for the museum building, rather than pouring the panels on-site.[11] That month, Wagner approved a $5.5 million contract for the construction of the World's Fair museum,[19][20] and he provided a $474,000 appropriation for the museum.[20] There were also disputes over who would operate the Hall of Science. Moses claimed that the Museum of Science and Technology's board had no control over the museum, and he wished to appoint a new board for the Hall of Science.[21] Moses planned to retain the Hall of Science after the fair,[22][23] and he wanted to construct two additional structures for the museum when the fair closed.[24]

Concurrently, the WFC had set aside 5.5 acres (2.2 ha) for an "aerospace island" on the western section of the fairground, next to the Ford Motor Company and General Motors pavilions.[25] In March 1964, U.S. governmental officials announced that they would operate the United States Space Park at the fair, with various spacecraft loaned by NASA.[26][27] The federal government planned to spend $650,000 on the land and $1 million on the exhibits.[27] William Whipple Jr., the engineer overseeing the fair's construction, indicated that the Hall of Science would not be completed in time for the fair's planned opening on April 22, 1964.[28] By mid-1964, the Hall of Science's cost had increased to $7,587,432, more than twice the original estimate.[29]

Operation

[edit]
Interior of original building at night

The Hall of Science's basement exhibits opened on June 16, 1964,[4][30][31] but the building was not officially dedicated until September 9, 1964.[32][33] Originally, the Hall of Science housed 12 exhibits related to science and health,[13] most of which were sponsored by private businesses.[4][31] Abbott Laboratories, American Cancer Society, Ames Company, Hearing Aid Industry Conference, Office of Civil Defense,[31][34] American Chemical Society, Dow Corning, General Aniline & Film, International Telephone & Telegraph, United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), and Upjohn Company sponsored exhibits in the pavilion.[35] The biological and chemical exhibits included models of the brain, molecular biology, the human digestive system, and hearing aids. There were also exhibits about cancer detection, ocean life, and nuclear-war survival.[34][36] The pavilion also included a screening of Frank Capra's film Rendezvous in Space,[37][38] three space vehicles,[39] the Atomsville USA children's exhibit,[36][40] a "color tree",[41] and a model of a busy airport with an air control tower.[42] In addition, there was a cylindrical laboratory measuring 12 by 30 feet (3.7 by 9.1 m) across.[43] Many of these exhibits were to be preserved after the fair.[4]

When the Space Park opened, it included three rockets measuring 90 to 110 feet (27 to 34 m) tall, in addition to the Discoverer 14 satellite and several full-scale models of satellites and rockets.[44] Among the other objects displayed there were a lunar excursion module, Thor and Atlas space launch vehicles, a space capsule from Project Mercury, and an Agena target vehicle.[27] Twenty-one young male "hosts" spent 60 hours memorizing space facts, then answered visitors' questions about the Space Park. Because of its secluded location, the Space Park recorded 6,000 to 7,000 daily visitors by mid-1964, making it among the fair's less popular structures.[44]

The first season of the World's Fair ended on October 18, 1964.[45] That December, the city government and Moses appointed 16 trustees to oversee the Hall of Science's operation.[46][47] Wagner directed the trustees to devise ideas for converting the pavilion to a museum.[47] The pavilion was to be taken over by a nonprofit museum,[48] and the U.S. government also planned to give the Space Park to the Hall of Science.[49][50] The second and final season of the fair ran from April 21[51] to October 17, 1965.[52] During that season, the Hall of Science hosted science demonstrations.[41] The U.S. government also added exhibits to the Space Park to celebrate notable events in spaceflight;[41] for instance, the spacecraft from the Gemini 4 mission was displayed during mid-1965.[53] The Hall of Science needed at least $5 million to continue operating after the fair. That funding had not been raised by the end of the fair, prompting the pavilion's temporary closure.[50]

Museum use

[edit]

Conversion to museum

[edit]

The Mayor's Committee on the Future of Flushing Meadow recommended in mid-1965 that the Hall of Science be retained after the fair, though most other fairground structures would be demolished.[54] The City Council voted in December 1965 to allocate $67,000 to the Hall of Science.[55] By early 1966, the Hall of Science was one of the few remaining structures on the World's Fair site,[56][57] and the trustees were working to convert the structure into a permanent museum.[56] The Hall of Science's trustees wanted to convert the nearby Ford and United States pavilions into additional space for the Hall of Science,[50][58] but Moses instead wanted the Ford rotunda to be demolished.[59] Additionally, the city government considered illuminating the pavilion's facade nightly after the fair ended.[60] William D. Laurence was hired to create a report on the museum. Laurence proposed the construction of two wings known as the Hall of Inventions and Hall of Discovery, to be staffed by "actors playing the parts of great scientists and inventors".[50]

In the meantime, the city spent $6 million to add exhibits to the existing pavilion.[61] The Hall of Science officially opened to the public as a museum on September 21, 1966,[62][63] and initially did not charge an admission fee.[64][65] The museum rented the land from the city for a nominal fee.[66] Most of the original exhibits were in the base[67] and included exhibits themed to space and nuclear power.[65][68] There were also exhibits about subjects such as mathematics and electricity, in addition to a "little red schoolhouse" exhibit for younger children.[68] Many exhibits were holdovers from the World's Fair; for example, the Atomsville USA exhibit was preserved, and the New York Telephone Company's exhibit was split into several exhibits about technology. Other exhibits were modified, such as the basement auditorium, which became an exhibit about power plants.[67] Each exhibit also included a telephone handset or a push-button that provided explanations to visitors.[68] The Great Hall on the upper stories hosted a single exhibit: a space film by the Martin Marietta Company.[67] In total, the original exhibits covered about 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2).[68]

Early years

[edit]

Two thousand children were visiting the museum daily by early 1967,[65] and Emanuel R. Piore was appointed as the Hall of Science's president that November.[69] Francis D. Miller served as the museum's director.[68] The museum accommodated two million visitors within two years of its opening, mainly school classes and families.[70] Exhibits, including a replica of a lunar spacecraft's interior, were added in the late 1960s.[71] A fence and lights were added around the Space Park in 1970 after the Atlas rocket was bombed.[72] Generally, during the late 1960s and 1970s, funding for the museum was diverted to other projects citywide.[73]

Unfinished 1960s expansion

[edit]
The museum's Hall of Mirrors

In early 1966, the AEC offered up to $5 million for a nuclear-education center at the museum.[57][74] The city accepted the AEC's offer in April 1966 and allocated $3 million for the project.[74] The city government had to obtain $300,000 for its design.[75] The New York City Board of Estimate allocated $75,000 for the design in June 1966, and Mayor John V. Lindsay approved a design contract the next month.[76][77] The expansion was tentatively planned to include a nuclear science center and an exhibit building.[76][77] The nuclear science center would have contained a nuclear reactor, playground, television studio, laboratories, and a classroom,[77] in addition to three exhibit halls.[76] The education and exhibit building would have included more classrooms, where experiments and demonstrations would be broadcast over televisions.[77] Both structures would have surrounded the original Hall of Science,[76] though no funds had been raised for the education building.[62] In addition, Max O. Urbahn was hired to design more structures around the Hall of Science.[76][10]

Final plans for the five-story, 190,000-square-foot (18,000 m2) nuclear education center were announced in June 1967.[78][79] Concurrently, Lindsay sought to obtain another $6.5 million from the city and $1.5 million for a nuclear reactor from the AEC.[78] Later that year, the city allocated $10.8 million for the project,[80][81] even as the New York City Planning Commission published a report criticizing the museum building as having "limited salvage value" and a poor design.[10][82] The museum also agreed to raise $10 million from private sources.[83] Work on the expansion commenced in June 1968.[70] The AEC announced plans for the Hall of Science's "atomarium", a 150-seat auditorium surrounding a nuclear reactor, in January 1969.[81][84] The nuclear reactor was to be placed in a pool under the atomarium.[68][84] There would have been another auditorium and an amphitheater nearby,[84] as well as classrooms, laboratories, a computer center, and more exhibits.[83][85] The Cayuga Construction Corporation was hired as the nuclear center's construction contractor in October 1969,[86] and work on the annex's foundation started in February 1970.[85]

Hall of Science officials announced in 1970 that the building would close the following year so the renovation could be completed.[87] The museum developed several portable exhibits in anticipation of the closure.[83][87][88] The museum building closed in mid-1971,[89][90] although the Space Park was kept open.[83] The Board of Estimate gave the Hall of Science another $12.5 million for renovations the same year,[91] and the city considered allowing the Hall of Science to charge an admission fee.[92] Once local residents learned that the nuclear reactor would be a live reactor and not a model, they began protesting the plans.[89][93] The city had spent $2.5 million on the expansion by December 1971, when the project was indefinitely halted due to a lack of funds. The museum had not been able to raise $7 million privately, and voters had failed to approve a municipal bond issue that would have funded the project.[94] The $25 million earmarked for the museum was instead used for the original Yankee Stadium.[66][95] The nuclear reactor was canceled entirely, since the museum would have been required to pay a penalty for not using the reactor.[94]

1970s

[edit]

Even after the museum's expansion had been halted, the museum was still slated to receive $1 million for basic maintenance,[88][94] though the museum's director at the time, Robert C. Reiley, later said that the museum never received these funds.[96][97] Some small exhibits, a weather station, a hatchery, a planetarium, and an amateur radio station.[98][99] Most of the objects in the Space Park were moved to Montreal due to a lack of operating funds.[90] After the Rockefeller Foundation and Ford Foundation donated funds,[88][100] the museum reopened on November 19, 1972.[99][100] Reiley hoped to complete the expansion by 1976,[99] and local civic groups asked the city to complete the renovation.[101][102] Ahead of the United States Bicentennial, the museum received funding for a large exhibit about scientists in New York state.[103] In addition, Queens's deputy borough president considered allocating $550,000 for an expansion of the Hall of Science.[104] A planetarium was added in 1973 after the museum received funds from the Charles Hayden Foundation.[88]

By the mid-1970s, the site of the proposed annex was decaying, and the Space Park had been vandalized extensively and was closed to the public.[96][97] The city government had reduced funding for the museum significantly amid the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, and the museum could not afford even $80,000 for a climate control system. In addition, the Hall of Science reduced its operating hours and fired some staff, and volunteers maintained its exhibits.[97] The exhibits were outdated; one of its attractions was a film from 1963, predicting that people would land on the moon some day.[102] Because of the lack of investment in the museum, its staff had taken to calling it the "Hole of Science".[96][105] Nonetheless, the Hall of Science was the third-most-popular museum of any kind in the city,[105][106] as well as one of Flushing Meadows' most popular attractions, in the 1970s.[95] It was also one of the most popular science museums in the United States.[96][105]

The museum sought to host additional cultural and scientific events by the late 1970s,[107] and the Japanese government repaired the Space Park's Atlas rocket in 1978 and temporarily exhibited it in Tokyo.[108] Robert A. Matthai took over as the museum's director in May 1979.[109] A 23-foot-wide (7.0 m) geodesic dome with a greenhouse was opened at the museum's entrance in June 1980.[110] By then, the museum hosted scientific demonstrations throughout the day, in addition to its spaceflight exhibits, planetarium, and amateur radio station.[111] The museum still had no climate control system, and its air-conditioning system had been broken for several years. In addition, large parts of the building were rarely used, many of the original exhibits were in storage, and the only public entrance to the museum was through the basement.[109]

1980s renovation

[edit]

Initial work and funding issues

[edit]

In 1980, the city government allocated $2.9 million to completely renovate the museum,[109][112] which was later increased to $3.5 million.[113] The Hall of Science's board agreed to raise another $6 million for exhibits.[113] Because of budgetary constraints, Matthai had to fire half of the museum's 40-person staff before the renovation began.[109] The museum closed for renovation on January 5, 1981, for a renovation that was expected to take two years.[112] The magazine editor Dennis Flanagan, a museum trustee, devised plans for the renovation. The project was supposed to include 29,000 square feet (2,700 m2) of additional exhibit space, a media center, multipurpose rooms, a 300-seat auditorium, and a 100-seat planetarium just outside. Flanagan's plan called for exhibits to be organized into five sections (the universe, matter, energy, biology, and communication). Each section would occupy one side of the museum's hexagonal base and would be distinguished through color-coding and two-story models.[114]

Museum staff continued to present programs at local schools, and they mounted exhibits within libraries and stores.[66] In the three years after the building closed, the museum spent $800,000 on staff salaries.[113] The contract for the renovation was awarded to Thomason Industry in 1982. That May, the New York Daily News wrote that the space park models had peeling paint and graffiti, while the museum's moat was filled with "chipped cement and scattered stones".[66] Work on the renovation began that June, by which the project's cost had increased to $11 million.[115]

A group of experts prepared a report for the city government in July 1983, stating that the museum was too small, hard to reach, and unattractive to corporate sponsors.[116] Subsequently, the city's cultural affairs commissioner Bess Myerson halted almost all funding to the museum and recommended that the museum be moved to Manhattan.[113][117] At the time, the Hall of Science's board of directors had been able to raise only $40,000 for exhibits.[73][113][116] The renovation had been stopped abruptly, leaving the museum with just three staff,[118] even though the project was nearly complete.[117] Queens borough president Donald Manes appointed additional people to the museum's board,[119] and public-relations executive Nicholas Ludington recommended doubling the board's size to 40.[120] The Board of Estimate ultimately restored funding to the museum in late 1983, following negotiations with Manes and Myerson.[121] The city also gave the museum $1 million in 1984 for exhibits.[122]

New director and reopening

[edit]
Rocket Park

In September 1984, the New York City government hired physicist Alan J. Friedman as the director of the museum.[123] At the time, the museum had no exhibits, and the floor was flooded.[13][118][124] Friedman recalled that he "walked through water" to get to his interview with Myerson and Queens deputy borough president Claire Shulman.[118] Myerson offered to fund half of the museum if Friedman raised the remaining half, and Friedman expanded the museum's staff to 14 within a few months of being hired.[118] The museum began focusing on interactive exhibits for children[125] and outreach to school groups, including portable planetariums and a library.[126][127] Friedman announced plans for exhibits on such disparate topics as astronomy, communications, light, robotics, and physics.[128][129] Workers added a third story of exhibit space, office space, and classrooms, and they replaced a leaking roof and mechanical systems.[130] The restored Hall of Science had 100 exhibits;[131][128] though most of the exhibits were built by the Exploratorium for IBM, although some of the exhibits were built by the Hall of Science's staff.[132]

The Hall of Science temporarily reopened in early 1985 when the Ontario Science Centre presented its Science Circus exhibit there.[126][133] Friedman also solicited feedback from young visitors prior to the formal reopening,[129] and he adjusted some of the museum's exhibits to address visitors' misconceptions about scientific principles.[134] The museum soft-reopened in July 1986,[131][135] with 90 activities and exhibits open to the public.[136] It was rededicated on October 8, 1986,[137][138] after $9 million in renovations.[139][137] The museum employed 35 college students who explained and demonstrated the exhibits to visitors,[128] and the upper-level Great Hall was to be used for scientific demonstrations and ceremonies.[139] Staff members expected that the renovated Hall of Science would attract up to 700,000 visitors a year.[128] The city government also cut back its funding of the museum, agreeing to fund half of the museum's budget rather than the entire budget.[140]

The Hall of Science continued to develop exhibits and programs in the late 1980s, such as an interactive biology exhibit[141] and electronic kiosks.[142] Annual attendance increased 25% per year in the four years after the museum reopened,[143] leading the city to pursue a further expansion.[144] Friedman estimated in 1988 that the Hall of Science had 5,000 weekly visitors, of which 60 percent were youth groups and school groups.[144] An artwork was also installed at the Hall of Science in 1990 as part of the city government's Percent for Art initiative.[145] By the early 1990s, the museum had 150 interactive activities[146] and over 250,000 annual visitors.[146][147] Because the museum did not have a prominent main entrance, many passersby assumed that the museum was not open.[148]

Expansions

[edit]

Early and mid-1990s expansion

[edit]

In 1991, the museum announced a master plan for its renovation and expansion.[140][149] The first phase of the expansion was to cost $13 million and was slated to include a two-story entrance rotunda with an auditorium, gift shop, and cafeteria.[150][151] This expansion also added 28,400 square feet (2,640 m2) of public space.[152] Hall of Science officials estimated that the expansion would increase the museum's annual attendance from 220,000 to 1.5 million people.[153] Originally scheduled to begin in mid-1992,[154] work on the expansion began that December.[2][155] The state government provided $1 million for the project,[156] and the museum remained open during the expansion.[151] The federal government also provided $2.5 million for the installation of a remote-controlled telescope,[157] and the "Singing Shadows" exhibit was added in the mid-1990s.[158] The Great Hall was temporarily closed in 1994 after a metal object dropped from the ceiling and killed a visitor.[159]

While the rotunda was still under construction, Friedman announced plans in early 1995 for a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) science playground at the Hall of Science. The playground was planned to cost $2 million and include dozens of physics-themed exhibits, attractions, and structures.[160] The new main entrance building was finished in April 1996,[161][162] and two exhibits were added within the entrance building.[162][163] At the time, the museum had more than 160[152][164][165] or nearly 170 activities and exhibits.[148] The auditorium opened in November 1996,[166] and the science playground was completed in June 1997.[167][168] For his role in expanding the museum's exhibit space and programs, Friedman received the Public Understanding of Science and Technology award in 1997 from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[169][170] The same year, the Queens Chamber of Commerce gave the museum an award for its design of the science playground.[171] Another permanent exhibit, Marvelous Molecules, was dedicated at the Hall of Science in 1999,[172][173] and a "sound station" in the science playground opened that year.[174]

Late 1990s and 2000s

[edit]
Interior of the north wing

The Queens borough president's office allocated $500,000 for the restoration of the Space Park in 1998, on the condition that the museum raise another $300,000.[175] By then, the museum was planning to spend $55 million on a second expansion, including $35 million from the city government and $20 million from corporate and individual donors. At the time, the museum building had 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) of exhibits and was often overcrowded.[125] The expansion would include new exhibition space and the restoration of the former Space Park rockets, but Friedman did not want to add an IMAX theater, citing his preference for interactive exhibits.[125][176] Polshek Partnership was hired to design the expansion.[177][178] To raise money for the project, the museum sold off some items and considered allowing companies to sponsor some of the exhibits. By early 2001, the Hall of Science had raised all but $12 million toward the expansion.[176] The Pfizer Foundation Biochemistry Discovery Lab opened at the museum that January.[179][180]

The museum's rockets were removed for restoration in August 2001[181] and sent to Akron, Ohio, where the construction firm Thomarios renovated the rockets.[182][183] Reduced revenue and attendance after the September 11 attacks prompted the museum to downscale its budget and fire staffers,[184][185] and the museum also had to cut back operating hours[186] and cancel some temporary exhibits.[187] Even so, work on the second expansion began that October,[184][188] although most of the bids exceeded the project's budget.[189][190] The city government provided three-fifths of the budget,[191] which had increased to an estimated $68 million by late 2001.[178][181] The renovation included the construction of a wing named Science City, which would double the museum's capacity and exhibit space.[192][193] By early 2002, the project was planned to be completed in late 2004.[192] The museum raised money for the expansion at its annual awards galas,[194] and the New York City Council also provided $5 million in funding.[195] Meanwhile, revenue continued to decrease, prompting museum officials to express concerns that there would not be enough money to operate the new wing.[193]

The original museum continued to operate while the expansion was being built.[190] Museum officials proposed adding a science-education complex at the World Trade Center site in 2003,[196] and the museum's rockets were reinstalled that October.[197][198] The science playground reopened in April 2004 following a renovation, and Rocket Park was formally dedicated later that year on September 30.[199] The north wing opened on November 24, 2004.[200][201][202] The second phase of the expansion cost $89 million in total,[202][203] including $12 million for Rocket Park's renovation.[203] Friedman retired in 2006, at which point the museum had 450,000 annual visitors and 100 staff members.[124] Following Friedman's retirement, Marilyn Hoyt served as the museum's CEO and president until 2008,[204] when Margaret Honey took over.[205] Lee H. Skolnick Architecture + Design Partnership designed a miniature golf course for the museum,[206][207] which opened in June 2009.[206][208]

2010s to present

[edit]

Museum officials began restoring the original structure, the Great Hall, in 2009.[209][210] Polshek Partnership was rehired for the Great Hall's renovation, which was originally planned to be completed in 2012;[210] the mayoral administration of Michael Bloomberg allocated $25 million for the project.[211] After the Great Hall's facade was renovated, workers restored the interior, upgraded mechanical systems, added communication equipment, and waterproofed the building.[209][212] A permanent exhibit was also added to the Great Hall.[13][213] Interior work started in 2012,[38] but the renovation was delayed after workers found additional structural issues.[212] The Great Hall reopened in June 2015,[38][209][214] and a renovation of the exterior plazas continued through late 2015.[209] By then, the museum had 450 exhibits and half a million annual visitors.[212]

A pre-kindergarten school next to the Hall of Science was announced in 2016, and the museum was involved with developing the school's science, technology, engineering, and mathematics curriculum.[215] Governor Andrew Cuomo signed legislation the next year to allow the school to be built on the museum's parking lot,[216] and construction started in 2019.[217] The same year, the science playground was closed for renovation.[218] The New York Hall of Science temporarily closed in March 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic,[219] though the museum continued to host activities online.[220] The museum reopened in July 2021,[221][222] but it was forced to close again that September after it was flooded during Hurricane Ida.[223] Flood waters submerged the basement and destroyed half of the exhibits, though the newer north wing was not damaged.[224] Honey estimated that the museum had sustained $25 million in damage.[222]

The museum partially reopened in February 2022,[223][225] and the rest of the museum reopened that October[226][227] after the museum's staff added three exhibits.[228] The mini-golf course was also renovated in 2022 after a sinkhole formed there,[207] and the science playground reopened in October 2023.[218] Lisa Gugenheim became the Hall of Science's president in September 2024.[229]

Exhibits

[edit]

The New York Hall of Science, also branded as NYSCI,[230] contains permanent exhibitions in addition to temporary exhibits and programs.[231][230] The original incarnation of the Hall of Science focused on science fiction and futuristic exhibits. After it reopened in 1986, the museum focused on interactive exhibits for children,[125] specifically in the fields of technology and science.[213] Scientific demonstrations are also hosted.[164] The museum is a member of the Association of Science and Technology Centers.[125]

Permanent

[edit]
An interactive multiplication machine at the Mathematica exhibit, one of the museum's permanent exhibits
An interactive multiplication machine at the Mathematica exhibit, one of the museum's permanent exhibits

Since the Hall of Science's 1980s renovation, the museum has largely focused on interactive objects, devices, and other items that visitors can touch or operate.[132][136][139] Many exhibits are made of commonplace objects,[130] such as a stationary bicycle that powers a propeller.[139][232] Next to each exhibit or activity are small signs describing the scientific principle that is being demonstrated.[164] and an amateur radio station operates out of the Hall of Science as well,[233][234] A genuine Mercury capsule is suspended from the ceiling of the original building's basement; according to Friedman, museum staff had believed the capsule to be a replica for four decades until it was cleaned.[235]

The original building includes various interactive exhibits. For example, there is an atomic model[236] and an optical-illusion exhibit with light beams, mirrors, and other objects.[128][139] The Hall of Science has a microbiology exhibit, Hidden Kingdoms, with microscopes and an aquarium,[237][164] in addition to biochemistry lab with 12 interactive experiments.[179][180] Other exhibits include "Powering the City", about New York City's power grid, and "Small Discoveries", about microorganisms.[228] IBM's traveling Mathematica exhibit was added to the museum in 2004,[201][203] and the Great Hall's first permanent exhibit, "Connected Worlds", opened in 2015.[38][209][214] In addition to the exhibits, the museum includes activities such as bubble-making stations.[164]

When the north wing was built, it contained exhibits about the scientific aspects of art, technology, sports, and extraterrestrial life.[198][238] The north wing included interactive replicas of a Mars rover; online arm-wrestling and car-racing simulators; sports-themed challenges, such as a bullpen and a surfing simulator; and a demonstration of power grids.[200][239] That wing's ground story contains "Human Plus", an exhibit about technology for people with physical disabilities,[228] as well as a play area for preschool children.[203][240] The north wing has hosted an exhibit on happiness since 2021.[241]

Former

[edit]

The Hall of Science rented a small planetarium for six months in 1970.[242] A permanent planetarium at the Hall of Science opened in 1972; the planetarium could accommodate 55 visitors and had a dome with a 20-foot (6.1 m) diameter.[233] In addition, the museum hosted a hatchery, amateur radio station, and weather station during the 1970s, and its exhibits included a power-plant model, full-size airplane, submarine, and nine trucks.[96] The other exhibits included a "sound telescope" and showcases of optical illusions, stereoscopy, and xerography.[243] All of the original exhibits were sold off during the 1980s.[118]

In the late 1980s, there were electronic kiosks next to two of the exhibits, which provided information about each exhibit.[142] "Sound Sensations", a collection of 20 objects where visitors could produce music, was added to the museum in the 1990s.[164][158] During that decade, there was also a technology gallery, where visitors could access the internet, and an exhibit named "Window on the Universe", where visitors could view computer images from the Galileo spacecraft and Hubble Space Telescope.[163][165][244]

Temporary

[edit]
The Light Island exhibit at the museum

The Hall of Science has hosted numerous temporary exhibits, although many of its exhibits in the 1960s and 1970s had only a tangential connection to science.[126] In the early and mid-1970s, these included a showcase of multimedia artworks that demonstrated scientific principles,[245] a film about celestial deities,[246] prints by Yugoslav artists,[247] Polish textiles,[248] and firefighting antiques.[249] During the U.S. bicentennial celebrations, the museum organized multiple exhibits about local and U.S. history, including exhibits about Polish-American culture, urban planning, and chemical technology.[250] Other exhibits during the late 1970s and early 1980s included displays about minerals of New York state,[251] wood-burning stoves,[252] the aviation industry,[253] a ski simulator,[254] and tennis matches seen through microscopes.[255] In 1985, the museum temporarily hosted 60 interactive exhibits, such as optical illusions and ball games, as part of the Science Circus.[126]

After the museum's 1980s renovation, temporary exhibits were presented in its Great Hall.[164] These included The Appointed Cloud, a 1987 sound installation by Yoshi Wada, in which visitors pressed buttons to play various tones.[256] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the museum hosted exhibits on such topics as construction equipment,[257] early European and North American scientific discoveries,[258] sports training,[259] and HIV/AIDS.[260] The museum also sponsored standalone exhibitions across the city, such as diffraction gratings on bus-stop shelters, tidal markings at the South Street Seaport,[143] an exhibit on manhole covers,[261] and an exhibit about the city's mechanical systems.[262] The museum building's exhibits in the late 1990s included exhibits based on the TV series The Magic School Bus and Beakman's World, a traveling mathematics exhibition, shows about insects, and an interactive light-based art installation.[263]

The museum continued to host temporary exhibits in the 2000s, such as displays about reptiles, sports, women's history, robotics, and surgery.[264] Due to a lack of space, the museum had to constantly switch out its temporary exhibits until additional exhibit spaces in the north wing opened in 2004.[240] In the 2010s, its exhibits have included shows about cartoons, dinosaurs, and Angry Birds-themed physics demonstrations.[265]

Programs

[edit]
The museum's Wild Minds exhibit

The museum's earliest programs included New York Regents Examinations test-preparation classes for high school students,[266] as well as the Space Age Stargazers program.[267] In the 1970s, the Hall of Science hosted summer classes for children in its Little Red Schoolhouse,[233] in addition to amateur-radio operation classes.[268] After it reopened in 1986, the museum provided a training program for students majoring in science, who could receive tuition waivers to study at the nearby Queens College in exchange for teaching science in New York City's public schools.[269] During the 1990s, the museum trained local public-school teachers to use video microscopes and other equipment,[270] and it hosted workshops for students from grades Pre-K through 8.[271] The museum added a JROTC program and an astronomy lab in 1993,[272] and it operated an after-school science club in the 1990s.[273]

The museum has a research incubator called the Sara Lee Schupf Family Center; it is named for the baking magnate Sara Lee Schupf, who donated $1.5 million to the center.[274] The New York Hall of Science also includes the Alan J. Friedman Center, a youth education center.[275] Among the Friedman Center's programs is the Science Career Ladder, which has operated since the 1980s;[118] high school and college students in that program work as docents, explaining scientific concepts to students.[124][169] The museum's other initiatives have included a teacher-training program,[118] a Girls in Tech program,[276] a STEM course for senior citizens,[277] and after-school programs in local libraries.[278] In the 2020s, the museum began hosting interactive events for families as part of its Summertime at NYSCI program.[279] Through a partnership with the neighboring Mosaic Pre-K Center, students at that school receive free museum memberships and attend classes at the museum.[280]

To accommodate the museum's programs and exhibits, staffers invented a portable canvas planetarium dome that was used by local schools,[170] as well as a specialized high-resolution microscope[73][170] that was later used around the world.[152] The Hall of Science also has set up websites related to its exhibits; the first such site was created for an exhibit called What About AIDS? in the late 1990s.[281] The museum also began hosting virtual tours in 1999[282] and set up a science website for children called TryScience in 2000.[283]

Events

[edit]

The Hall of Science organizes various events. Its earliest events included paper airplane contests,[284] science fair competitions,[285] and spacecraft watch parties.[71] After the museum's 1980s renovation, its events included flight demonstrations,[286] science-themed circus performances,[287] the SpringWorks art and technology exhibition,[288] Bug Day events,[289] and Halloween parties.[290] Some of the museum's activities have commemorated specific events. For example, the museum hosted eclipse watch parties during the solar eclipses of February 26, 1979,[291] and April 8, 2024.[292] Ahead of the STS-34 spacecraft launch in 1989, the museum collected telegrams from visitors, which were placed on Space Shuttle Atlantis.[293] In addition, the museum had an indoor skating rink during 2022.[294] The museum's Great Hall has been rented out for private events as well,[125] and the museum hosted a swearing-in ceremony for Queens borough president Helen Marshall in 2002.[295]

There are also seasonal events. The Queens Night Market takes place every year in the museum's parking lot, operating on Sundays between April and October.[296] Informal ecua-volley courts for local residents are also set up in the parking lot during the summers.[297] The New York Hall of Science started hosting Maker Faire, a do-it-yourself science and technology convention, in 2010;[298] the convention was hosted there annually until 2019.[299] In addition, for several years in the 2010s, the museum hosted the Gingerbread Lane display during the Christmas and holiday season.[300] During the pandemic, the museum hosted events to help the community, including food drives, aid distribution, and COVID-19 vaccinations.[224] Over the years, the museum has hosted sleepover events as well.[301]

Building

[edit]
Attractions and geographical features of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
1km
0.6miles
16
Etihad Park (planned)
15
World's Fair station (demolished)
14
13
Unisphere
12
Terrace on the Park
11
Queens Museum
10
Queens Botanical Garden
9
New York State Pavilion and Queens Theatre
8
New York Hall of Science
7
National Tennis Center and United States Pavilion (demolished)
6
Mets–Willets Point (LIRR and subway stations)
5
4
Flushing River and Creek
3
Flushing Meadows Corona Park Aquatics Center
2
Flushing Meadows Carousel and Queens Zoo
1
Citi Field

Attractions and geographical features of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park:
1
Citi Field
2
Flushing Meadows Carousel and Queens Zoo
3
Flushing Meadows Corona Park Aquatics Center
4
Flushing River and Creek
5
Meadow Lake
6
Mets–Willets Point (LIRR and subway stations)
7
National Tennis Center and United States Pavilion (demolished)
8
New York Hall of Science
9
New York State Pavilion and Queens Theatre
10
Queens Botanical Garden
11
Queens Museum
12
Terrace on the Park
13
Unisphere
14
Willow Lake
15
World's Fair station (demolished)
16
Etihad Park (planned)

The New York Hall of Science is located at 47-01 111th Street within Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, near the intersection with 47th Avenue.[302] The museum's parking lot contains 63 concrete security bollards, which show what parts of the Earth get sunlight during the summer solstice.[303] Next to the Hall of Science's parking lot is the Mosaic Pre-K Center.[226] The Terrace on the Park banquet hall and the Queens Zoo are directly to the south.[304]

Original building

[edit]

The original building is a pavilion that originally covered 21 acres (8.5 ha).[2][66] It was designed by Wallace K. Harrison.[11][305] At the base of the original pavilion is a hexagonal structure, which originally had a reflecting pool and fountains above it.[10][82][306] Above the base is the Great Hall, an amoeba-shaped structure[39] with a concrete wall that curves inward.[10][306] This structure measures 80 feet (24 m) high.[10][39][307] The facade is made of 22 curved panels, each measuring 13 inches (330 mm) thick. Each panel is divided into a 9-by-28 grid of rectangles.[308] The rectangles were built using the dalle de verre method,[308] with blue glass pieces inlaid into the concrete.[10][308] In total, there are 5,400 rectangles.[209][307] Henry Lee Willet has been credited with the design of the facade.[60]

The main entrance was through a gap in the facade and reflecting pool, where visitors passed through a set of revolving doors.[306] This entrance was accessed by a long ramp.[10] The interior of the Great Hall is supported by massive reinforced concrete beams.[57][82] The hexagonal base was connected to the Great Hall via a stairway and elevator.[306] The base is known as the Central Pavilion.[309] A third mezzanine level, with 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) of exhibit space, was added in the 1980s.[128]

Main entrance building

[edit]

The main entrance building was completed in 1996 and designed by Beyer Blinder Belle. The structure faces west toward 111th Street, rather than east toward the park; according to the primary architect Frederick Bland, this was done because he wanted the museum to "face the city".[161] This structure includes a rotunda measuring 47 feet (14 m) high.[155][164] It includes a 300-seat dining room, gift shop,[151][155] cloakroom, 300-seat auditorium, and computer rooms.[161] On the rotunda's second floor is Fred Tomaselli's artwork Ten Kilometer Radius, mounted onto a handrail.[164][165] The artwork consists of 72 peepholes, each depicting a building within 6.2 miles (10 km) of the museum that can be seen from that direction.[165][310]

North wing

[edit]

Todd H. Schliemann designed the north wing,[311][312] which is also known as the Hall of Light.[307] The north wing covers 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2).[178][183] In contrast to the original building, which lacks windows, the north wing is designed so that it is largely illuminated by natural light.[192] The first story of the north wing is recessed from the second story and has a glass facade.[240][312] According to Schliemann, the transparent base was intended to promote the exhibits inside to visitors.[313] Additionally, the top of the second-story facade is sloped outward and upward.[312][240] The roof above the second story is composed of two sloped sections divided by a diagonal beam; due to the shape of the roof, the tops of the north and west walls are slanted. Both the roof and the walls are made of Kalwall, a type of synthetic wool placed between sheets of fiberglass.[314][315] Each of the Kalwall panels measures about 5 by 11 feet (1.5 by 3.4 m) across and is mounted to a batten.[315] At night, the north wing is illuminated from inside.[307]

Inside, the north wing's structural and mechanical systems are visible to the public.[316] The superstructure consists of steel beams held in place by cables, as well as steel pillars with grilles that circulate air.[314] Eleven trusses, running diagonally above the second floor, hold up the north wing's ceiling.[315] A central staircase hall, with a spiral staircase, connects the entrance building with both the original Hall of Science and its newer north wing.[315][316] The north wing includes the Light Wall, designed by James Carpenter as part of the city's Percent for Art program;[311][312] it consists of a sloped pane of glass dotted with small holes.[311] Next to this artwork, a stair connects the first and second stories.[315] Three spaces for temporary exhibits, and several permanent exhibits, were added during the north wing's construction.[317]

Attached to the north wing is the Viscusi Gallery, an elliptical gallery covering 4,000 square feet (370 m2).[309] The elliptical gallery, on the second floor, lacks windows and is used for temporary exhibitions.[307] Directly below are offices and a library on the first floor;[239][316] these spaces have a glass facade.[307]

Outdoors attractions

[edit]

Rocket Park

[edit]

Next to the New York Hall of Science is Rocket Park,[125][175] originally a 2-acre (0.81 ha) world's fair exhibit called the Space Park.[2] During the fair, the Space Park displayed 23 spacecraft or pieces of spacecraft.[175] Rocket Park includes an Atlas rocket and a Titan II rocket.[182][197] The Atlas rocket is 102 feet (31 m) high and made of stainless steel, while the Titan rocket is 110 feet (34 m) high and made of an aluminum alloy.[182][183] The rockets also included space capsules that weighed about 2 short tons (1.8 long tons; 1.8 t) apiece.[183] Built in 1961 for the United States Air Force, the rockets never saw military use and were instead displayed in the 1964 World's Fair, albeit with the fuel tanks removed.[197] The rockets were rebuilt in 2003 with new foundations, new interior framework, and repainted exteriors.[197][198] A third rocket, a Saturn model, was demolished by the late 1990s,[125] while two replicas of space capsules were added during the 2000s renovation.[318]

Within Rocket Park is a nine-hole miniature golf course, which includes several obstacles that teach children about physics.[208] For example, one hole has a rotating wheel where golfers must hit a ball within a specified launch window, and other holes have obstacles such as vertical loops and tunnels.[207][208] The mini-golf course requires an additional fee.[207]

Science Playground

[edit]

Outside the museum is the 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) Science Playground, which was designed by BKSK Architects.[319] The playground is intended for children who are at least 6 years old,[320][321] although adults are also allowed to use the play area.[322] The Science Playground charges an additional admission fee,[125][321] and it is open only during March through December.[302] There were originally up to 30 exhibits or play structures in the playground,[167][323] each intended to teach physics concepts.[232][321] College students explain scientific concepts to children in the playground.[321]

The playground was inspired by playgrounds that Alan Friedman saw in India.[167][323] Many pieces of equipment are painted in bright colors and are supposed to demonstrate architectural and engineering concepts.[324] The equipment in the playground includes a wobbly bridge,[325][324] a large spider web made of steel-reinforced rope, a pair of curved and straight slides, a set of speaking tubes, and a massive seesaw.[321][323] Other exhibits focus on the properties of water, such as an Archimedes screw, a whirlpool, and a table with a stream.[320] The playground includes a water playground and sandboxes,[326] and there is also a "sound station" with pipes, bells, and xylophones.[174]

Governance

[edit]

The New York Hall of Science is operated by a nonprofit organization of the same name, dedicated to hosting exhibits, events, and education programs related to science.[327][328] The museum is part of the Cultural Institutions Group, a consortium of cultural and educational institutions in New York City.[329] The museum was designated as a New York City cultural institution in 1996.[330]

Funding

[edit]

Because the city government owns the Hall of Science building, city government officials have to approve increases in admission prices.[193] During the 1960s, the New York City government provided one-third of the museum's budget, while philanthropic, corporate, and individual donors provided the rest.[68] This funding arrangement remained in place through the 1970s, when the museum had a $500,000 annual budget,[96][97] amid a reduction in city funding for the Hall of Science.[94] In the late 1980s, the museum spent $3.5 million annually on operations,[144] increasing to $5 million by the early 1990s.[73] Two-fifths of the money came from city funds,[144][73] while the rest of the operating budget came from admissions, state and federal grants, and corporate and private donations.[144] Funding to the museum was reduced significantly in the early 1990s[331] and again in the late 1990s.[332] During that decade, the Hall of Science partnered with Liberty Science Center in New Jersey to raise funding for both museums.[333] The Hall of Science's operating budget stood at $7.5 million by 1998, of which 35% came from ticket sales and renting out the building for events.[125]

During the early 2000s, the museum experienced further funding shortages.[334] The museum's budget stood at $8 million by 2001[176] and $11.5 million by the mid-2000s.[118] By then, the city government's share of the museum's budget had declined to 13%.[118][140][193] In 2005, the museum received part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which had been made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.[335][336] During the 21st century, the museum also continues to receive funding from ticket fees, government agencies, and private donors.[140] In fiscal year 2023, it recorded revenue of $19.2 million, expenses of $21.3 million, assets of $51.8 million, and liabilities of $2.34 million.[328]

Admission

[edit]

In its first two years of operation, the museum had two million total visitors. Most of the museum's early visitors were students on class trips or families.[70] During the 1970s, the museum accommodated 3,000 daily visitors on average,[97] and it often saw 10,000 to 20,000 visitors per weekend.[102] Visitor numbers increased significantly in the late 1990s, and the museum recorded 296,000 visitors in 1998.[125] At the time, the museum often reached its daily visitor capacity of 1,500 during June and July,[168] and most visitors during the school year were students.[170] The museum had 450,000 annual visitors by 2006[124] and half a million visitors by the mid-2010s.[212][213]

Critical reception

[edit]

Museum commentary

[edit]

Of the museum itself, The New York Times wrote in 1966 that the original pavilion was inadequate for museum use.[67] The next year, the New York Daily News praised the exhibits as "interesting yet educational" attractions for children.[337] Good Housekeeping magazine ranked the museum in 1991 as one of the United States' 10 best science museums.[147][150] Following the 1990s renovation, a writer for The Record praised the museum's exhibits as "thoroughly modern" and interactive.[164] Another critic, writing for Discover magazine, said the museum has "managed to harness a potent, nearly limitless source of energy: children".[232]

The exhibits in the science playground have also been the subject of commentary. When the playground opened in 1997, a critic for Newsday described it as "fun with a purpose",[320] and a writer for I.D. The International Design Magazine said the playground's attractions had "escaped the box and become exuberant, freestanding pieces of architecture".[324] In 2004, Edward Rothstein wrote for The New York Times that the exhibits were too simplistic for scientists while also not being detailed enough to attract children's interest.[201]

Architectural commentary

[edit]

The original Hall of Science received relatively little critical commentary when it was built.[307] During the World's Fair, Ada Louise Huxtable described the structure as being highly impactful and attractive.[338] After the hall became a museum, a Christian Science Monitor reporter compared it to "a roll of cardboard stood on end",[57] and a New York Times writer described it as "a leftover from the recent World's Fair—and a hope for the future".[67] Another New York Times reporter from 1978 likened the museum building to a futuristic Stonehenge.[243] Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1995 book that the original structure fused "a timeless sense of drama with technological modernity",[10] while another critic from 1999 described the original building as "a glass-and-concrete cathedral to modernity".[232] Additionally, in 1999, the Queens Historical Society designated the original Hall of Science as a "Queensmark", or Queens landmark, for its significance as a former World's Fair pavilion.[339] The architectural critic Justin Davidson wrote in 2004 that the original building had "one of the most breathtaking interiors in New York", despite its imposing windowless exterior.[314]

When the north wing opened, Newsday likened the structure to "an airplane hangar built by Pablo Picasso".[240] Davidson, writing for that newspaper, said the north wing was "about the play between the obvious and the illusory" and that the building's perspective was distorted by its slanted walls and translucent surfaces.[314] Another writer, for the Architect's Newspaper, said the design represented the fact that the museum was "emerging from its thick concrete walls into the clear light of day".[313] Suzanne Stephens wrote for the Architectural Record that the north wing was more human in scale compared to the original structure, which was "abstract and scaleless".[307] Stephens wrote that, though the designs of the north wing and the original hall complemented each other because of how different they looked, the entrance rotunda's design seemed out of place.[340]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Flushing Meadows Corona Park Highlights: Hall of Science". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. June 15, 1964. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  3. ^ Samuel 2007, p. 6; Tirella 2013, p. 14.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Samuel 2007, p. 165.
  5. ^ "U.S. Science Museum Sought: Library Planned". The Christian Science Monitor. August 2, 1960. p. 13. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510118481.
  6. ^ Iverem, Esther (November 5, 1989). "Queens Culture Museum in the Park Recalls World's Fairs". Newsday. p. 9. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278141630.
  7. ^ "Ask Permanent Center For Science at '64 Fair". Newsday. December 5, 1960. p. 20. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898994988. Retrieved August 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "U.S. Science Site Urged at '64 Fair; Exhibition Asks Government to Sponsor a $30,000,000 Permanent Building". The New York Times. December 5, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  8. ^ "Councilman Has a Plan: A City Museum of Science and Industry". New York Herald Tribune. June 18, 1962. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326261584; Bennett, Charles G. (June 18, 1962). "Science Museum Proposed for City; 9 Possible Sites Suggested for Permanent Building Other Sites Studied". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d Bennett, Charles G. (April 10, 1963). "City Museum Plan for Fair Scored; Science Center Proposal Is Viewed as 'Vast Waste'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1054.
  11. ^ a b c d e Sullivan, Walter (October 6, 1963). "Science Museum at Fair Delayed; Hall Will Not Be Ready for Opening on April 22 Hall of Science at World's Fair To Open a Month or More Late Loss of Chance Feared June 1 Opening". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  12. ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 1052–1054.
  13. ^ a b c d Rhoades, Liz (May 22, 2014). "NY Hall of Science was almost in Manhattan". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  14. ^ "Mayor Approves City Science Hall; Says It Will Be Built at Site of '64 World's Fair". The New York Times. April 18, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  15. ^ "City Science Hall at Fair Advances; Planning Board Approves Cost and Standards". The New York Times. April 19, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024; "Revised Civic Center Plan OK'd". New York Daily News. April 19, 1963. p. 503. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "City Council Votes For Hall of Science As '64 Fair Exhibit". The New York Times. May 1, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  17. ^ "Governor Signs Obscenity Bill; Law Is Intended as Weapon to Identify Publishers". The New York Times. April 29, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  18. ^ "City Starts Work on Museum". The New York Times. June 20, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  19. ^ "City to Build Science Hall". New York Daily News. October 19, 1963. p. 60. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  20. ^ a b Wehrwein, Austin C. (October 19, 1963). "Mayor Approves Fair Science Hall; Construction Cost Rises &474,000 to $3,974,000 Subject of Bickering Expansion Problem Operated by Trustees". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  21. ^ "Fair Pressing Work on Hall of Science". The New York Times. October 8, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  22. ^ Santora, Phil (March 4, 1964). "After the Fair, a Fairyland of Parks". New York Daily News. p. 383. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "Moses' Proposals for Queens Park Still Opposed". The New York Times. May 17, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  24. ^ "Fair's Science Hall May Be Expanded For Permanent Use". The New York Times. February 24, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  25. ^ Phillips, McCandlish (August 5, 1962). "Fair is Uncertain on Space Exhibit; Officials Here Favor Unified 'Aerospace Island' Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  26. ^ "U. S. to Show Space Hardware at Fair: Mass of Missiles Called Largest Outside Cape". Chicago Tribune. March 9, 1964. p. 8. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179399025.
  27. ^ a b c Weaver, Warren Jr. (March 9, 1964). "U. S. to Show Rockets and Space Vehicles at Fair; Collection Will Be Largest Outside Cape Kennedy—Cost to Be Shared". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  28. ^ Lelyveld, Joseph (February 27, 1964). "Not All of Fair to Open on Time; 8 or 10 Pavilions Won't Be Ready, Engineer Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  29. ^ "City's Cost Rises for Hall at Fair; Figure for Science Building Put at $7,587,432". The New York Times. August 21, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  30. ^ "Science Section Opening at Fair; First Displays in New Hall Include Children's Area". The New York Times. June 16, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  31. ^ a b c "New Hall At World's Fair Makes Science Come Alive". The Sun. June 16, 1964. p. 3. ProQuest 540003348.
  32. ^ "Hall of Science Dedicated by City; Wagner Stresses Center at Fair Is National in Scope". The New York Times. September 10, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  33. ^ Mathieu, Richard (September 9, 1964). "Taxi: Take Me to the Moon! You Can See It Done at Fair". New York Daily News. p. 516. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  34. ^ a b Rusk, Howard A. (July 12, 1964). "The Fair and Medicine; Futuristic Hospital and Science Hall Enhance Exhibition's Health Aspects". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  35. ^ "GAF to Exhibit at World's Fair". Press and Sun-Bulletin. September 23, 1963. p. 17. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  36. ^ a b Samuel 2007, pp. 165–166.
  37. ^ "A Disappointing Science Film". The New York Times. September 10, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  38. ^ a b c d "A new world at science hall". AM New York. June 29, 2015. p. 15. ProQuest 1697782559.
  39. ^ a b c "3 Space Vehicles Hang in New Hall; City-Financed Fair Exhibit Rushed for Opening". The New York Times. August 30, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  40. ^ "World's Fair Atom Exhibit For Kids". New York Amsterdam News. November 30, 1963. p. 28. ProQuest 226822530.
  41. ^ a b c Hornaday, Mary (April 21, 1965). "N.Y. World's Fair offers thrilling 'college courses': Chinese splendor Space rendezvous Visits by astronauts". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 4. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510781727.
  42. ^ "Fair Will Exhibit Operating Model Of Busy Jetport". The New York Times. December 23, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  43. ^ "3 Space Vehicles Hang in New Hall; City-Financed Fair Exhibit Rushed for Opening". The New York Times. August 30, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  44. ^ a b Haitch, Richard (June 14, 1964). "Fair's Space Park 'Tutors' Visitors; Roaming U.S. Hosts Explain Rocketry Hows and Whys". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  45. ^ Hornaday, Mary (October 19, 1964). "N.Y. World's Fair Closes on Gay Note: Financial Arrangement". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 7. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510663645.
  46. ^ "16 Trustees Are Named for Hall of Science; Board to List Goals of New Museum in Flushing Meadow". The New York Times. December 13, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  47. ^ a b Miele, Alfred (February 11, 1966). "Center Needs Space – & Vice Versa". New York Daily News. p. 723. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  48. ^ "World's Fair Arranging Super Rummage Sale". Los Angeles Times. September 26, 1965. pp. E8. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 155262802.
  49. ^ Ferretti, Fred (July 11, 1965). "Big Park To Follow The Fair". Boston Globe. p. 31. ProQuest 366542044.
  50. ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, p. 192.
  51. ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 73–74.
  52. ^ Samuel 2007, p. 83; Tirella 2013, pp. 320–321.
  53. ^ Rusk, Howard A. (July 18, 1965). "Gemini 4 at the Fair; Spacecraft to Join Outstanding List Of Exhibits in Many Fields of Science". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  54. ^ Brief, Kenneth H. (July 24, 1965). "Fair's Future Grounds for New Argument". Newsday. p. 5. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 915542900. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024 – via newspapers.com; Alden, Robert (July 24, 1965). "City Asked to Raze State, U.S. Pavilions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  55. ^ "City Council Passes Law Restricting Gypsy Cabs". The New York Times. December 8, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  56. ^ a b "Park on Fair Site Due in December; Last 23 Doomed Buildings to Be Torn Down by July". The New York Times. April 4, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  57. ^ a b c d Hornaday, Mary (May 18, 1966). "Park plans blazed in fair ruins: Park grows in fair ruins". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 1. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510930416.
  58. ^ Alden, Robert (January 26, 1965). "Science Museum May Be Expanded; Use of Ford Rotunda and the U.S. Pavilion Studied". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  59. ^ "Moses Taps 2 Pavilions for Long Run". Newsday. March 4, 1965. p. 4. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 914411421. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  60. ^ a b "Hall of Science Studies Lighting; Daytims Effect Is Sought After Dusk at Fair". The New York Times. October 7, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  61. ^ "Hall of Science to Open Sept. 21". The Standard-Star. August 29, 1966. p. 8. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  62. ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 193.
  63. ^ Radiloff, Si (September 22, 1966). "New Science Hall Opens On Wet, Woolly Note". Newsday. p. 27. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 915538938; Randal, Jonathan (September 22, 1966). "City Science Hall Opens Officially; Lindsay and Moses Lead in Dedicatory Speeches". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; "Finding Space for a Museum". New York Daily News. September 22, 1966. p. 247. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  64. ^ "They Were Tracking Satellites and Hunting Uranium at Flushing Meadow Yesterday". The New York Times. September 22, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  65. ^ a b c Amon, Rhoda (January 6, 1967). "Hall of Science Offers Window on Future: Children's World". Newsday. p. 5B. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 915448743.
  66. ^ a b c d e Mehdi, Anisa (May 9, 1982). "A 2d chance for Hall of Science". New York Daily News. p. 381. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  67. ^ a b c d e Sullivan, Walter (September 22, 1966). "Hopeful Future Museum; But City's Hall of Science Still Retains Aura Reminiscent of the World's Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g Megaro, Judy (February 9, 1969). "At Ease Visits – The Hall of Science". The Record. pp. 96, 97, 98. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  69. ^ "Hall of Science Elects President". The New York Times. November 12, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  70. ^ a b c Bowles, Pete (September 23, 1968). "Getting a Look at What's Going Up". Newsday. p. 11. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 917789808.
  71. ^ a b "Junior Spacemen Hit Moon in Queens". The New York Times. July 25, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  72. ^ "Space Park Missile Ripped By a Bomb". New York Daily News. July 8, 1970. p. 317. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  73. ^ a b c d e Morales, Tina (May 5, 1991). "Queens Scape Hall of Science Museum Visitors Get Hands-on Experience in 1986, the Hall of Science Finally Completed a $10-million Renovation After Five Long Years". Newsday. p. 3. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278369241. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  74. ^ a b "A.E.C. Museum Aid Accepted by City; Nuclear Exhibits Would Be on World's Fair Site". The New York Times. April 15, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Miele, Alfred (April 15, 1966). "A-Center Gets City's A-Okay on Fair Site". New York Daily News. p. 428. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  75. ^ Abelman, Lester (April 4, 1966). "City to Build Big Exhibits in Flushing Park". New York Daily News. p. 208. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  76. ^ a b c d e Sullivan, Walter (July 14, 1966). "City Plans a Full Science Museum at Site of Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  77. ^ a b c d Berger, Marilyn (July 14, 1966). "If You Tilt This Game, Will It Explode?". Newsday. p. 5. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 915527902. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  78. ^ a b Mahoney, Ralph (June 1, 1967). "Foresee Queens Hall of Science Fit for a King". New York Daily News. p. 24. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  79. ^ Knowles, Clayton (June 1, 1967). "New Science Hall Planned by City; Reactor Display Expected at Park in Flushing Meadow". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  80. ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 193–194.
  81. ^ a b Scarbrough, Linda (January 9, 1969). "Hall of Science show will be an atom smash". New York Daily News. p. 44. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  82. ^ a b c Bennett, Charles G. (November 2, 1967). "Science Museum Called Unworkable". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  83. ^ a b c d "Queens Science Hall to Get Atomic Reactor". The New York Times. August 8, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  84. ^ a b c Blakeslee, Sandra (January 7, 1969). "First Atomarium Planned Here: A Hot Reactor Open to Public". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  85. ^ a b McLoughlin, Pete (February 12, 1970). "Work on Great Science Hall in Flushing Starts Monday". New York Daily News. p. 25. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  86. ^ "City Lets Contracts to Build Addition to Hall of Science". The New York Times. October 18, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  87. ^ a b "Long Shutdown for Science Hall". New York Daily News. December 4, 1970. p. 345. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  88. ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, p. 194.
  89. ^ a b McLoughlin, Pete (November 22, 1971). "Fight Reactor at Hall of Science". New York Daily News. p. 14. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  90. ^ a b Tyler, Karen (September 15, 1972). "Hall of Science to reopen in October". Newsday. p. 130. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  91. ^ Ranzal, Edward (July 23, 1971). "Telephone Tower Approved by City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  92. ^ "City Considering Zoo, Museum Fees". The New York Times. January 25, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 30, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  93. ^ "Request for Hearing by A.E.C. On Reactor for Queens Is Filed". The New York Times. November 24, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  94. ^ a b c d Ostroff, Jim (July 9, 1972). "A Science Museum In Limbo in Queens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  95. ^ a b "A Fair Revisited, A Plan Unrealized". The Washington Post. August 11, 1974. p. M16. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 146140243.
  96. ^ a b c d e f Berliner, David C. (October 12, 1975). "Hall of Science Feels Crunch". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  97. ^ a b c d e Volkman, Ernest (October 20, 1975). "An Experiment That Went Bust". Newsday. pp. 6, 15. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  98. ^ Andelman, David A. (November 2, 1972). "Science Hall in Flushing Will Reopen This Month". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  99. ^ a b c "A Planetarium Is Due to Open at Site of Fair". New York Daily News. November 19, 1972. pp. 241, 242. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  100. ^ a b "Metropolitan Briefs". The New York Times. November 20, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  101. ^ McLaughlin, Peter (July 5, 1972). "Want Flushing Park for the Bicentennial". New York Daily News. p. 206. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  102. ^ a b c Lisker, Jerry (July 15, 1973). "Seeds of a Future in Ailing Park?". New York Daily News. pp. 62, 63. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  103. ^ "Science Hall For Exhibition". New York Amsterdam News. January 5, 1974. p. C1. ProQuest 226700999.
  104. ^ Medina, David (March 17, 1974). "Spirited '76 Aim for Bicentennial at Park". New York Daily News. p. 146. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  105. ^ a b c Samuel 2007, p. 195.
  106. ^ Peck, Richard (October 21, 1973). "In Flushing Meadows The Glitter Is Gone But Hope Still Flourishes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  107. ^ O'Flaherty, Mary (December 4, 1977). "Aim to Open Hall of Science Doors Wider". New York Daily News. p. 621. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  108. ^ Butler, William (May 11, 1978). "Japanese to Patch Up Our Rocket". New York Daily News. p. 23. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  109. ^ a b c d Gross, Kenneth (December 18, 1980). "Dissecting Morale at Hall of Science". Newsday. p. 2. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  110. ^ "Energy dome to open". New York Daily News. June 11, 1980. p. 627. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Calendar of Events: A Solar Dome". The New York Times. June 12, 1980. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  111. ^ Greene, Mel (May 19, 1980). "Borough is steeped in cultural history". New York Daily News. p. 880. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  112. ^ a b Tollerson, Ernest (January 5, 1981). "Cold fails to eclipse Science Hall finale". New York Daily News. p. 254. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  113. ^ a b c d e Blum, Howard (November 12, 1983). "Political Clash Clouds Future of Science Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  114. ^ Peters, James (December 11, 1983). "Hall of Science & Temple of Tech". New York Daily News. pp. 563, 565. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  115. ^ "Start $11M redo of Science Hall". New York Daily News. June 21, 1982. p. 94. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  116. ^ a b Dallas, Gus (September 29, 1983). "Hall of Science seen as fund-raising flop". New York Daily News. p. 176. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  117. ^ a b Dallas, Gus; Hanrahan, Thomas (September 28, 1983). "Hall of Science funds killed". New York Daily News. p. 209. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  118. ^ a b c d e f g h i MacGowan, Carl (May 9, 2004). "1 museum $68M = Science City, Thanks to Alan Friedman, the future is bright at expanding Hall of Science". Newsday. p. G06. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279807049.
  119. ^ Peters, James (October 26, 1983). "Manes hopeful on Hall of Science funds". New York Daily News. p. 147. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  120. ^ Peters, James (November 15, 1983). "Weighs 'Revitalizing' Science Hall's board". New York Daily News. p. 121. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  121. ^ Blum, Howard (November 18, 1983). "Funds to Let Hall of Science Reopen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; "Hall of Science gets $ to stay". New York Daily News. November 18, 1983. p. 152. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  122. ^ "Playground for disabled, other kids opens". New York Daily News. June 10, 1984. p. 411. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  123. ^ "Director Is Appointed at NY Hall of Science". Newsday. September 5, 1984. p. 27. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com; Velez, Carlos (September 9, 1984). "Hall of Science names pioneer as new director". New York Daily News. p. 418. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  124. ^ a b c d Weber, Bruce (May 7, 2014). "Alan J. Friedman, Who Revived Hall of Science in Queens, Dies at 71". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  125. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Biederman, Marcia (July 11, 1999). "New Yorkers & Co.; Making a Science Center Grow, Without Imax". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  126. ^ a b c d Wingerson, Lois (March 19, 1985). "The Science Circus Is Coming to Town". Newsday. p. 143. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  127. ^ Peters, James (September 14, 1984). "Experiments at the Hall of Science". New York Daily News. p. 121. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  128. ^ a b c d e f Neugebauer, William (September 28, 1986). "Science center reaches for the stars". New York Daily News. pp. 355, 356. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  129. ^ a b Fried, Joseph P. (September 15, 1985). "Hall of Science in Queens Asks Youths to Grade It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  130. ^ a b Fried, Joseph P. (July 14, 1986). "Science Hall is to Reopen After 5 Years". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  131. ^ a b Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (July 31, 1986). "New York Day by Day; Mysteries of Science On Display". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  132. ^ a b Talan, Jamie (August 1, 1986). "A Queens Museum Where Science Is Fun". Newsday. p. 31. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 285393825. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  133. ^ Celona, Larry (March 24, 1985). "Science Circus needs no clowns". New York Daily News. p. 510. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com; Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (March 21, 1985). "New York Day by Day; A Museum for Touching". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  134. ^ Haitch, Richard (April 20, 1986). "Follow-up on the News; Seeking Perfection At Science Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  135. ^ Ain, Stewart (July 31, 1986). "Hall of Science reopens". New York Daily News. p. 144. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  136. ^ a b Krajicek, David J. (July 11, 1986). "It's down to a science – museum will reopen". New York Daily News. p. 195. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  137. ^ a b Rabin, Bernard; Leahy, Jack (October 9, 1986). "Hall of Science breakthrough". New York Daily News. p. 187. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  138. ^ "Science Hall Is Officially Opened". Newsday. October 9, 1986. p. 39. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  139. ^ a b c d e Browne, Malcolm W. (September 5, 1986). "City Again Boasts a Science Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  140. ^ a b c d Bertrand, Donald (July 7, 2004). "Hall of Science makes a pitch for sports fans". New York Daily News. p. 86. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  141. ^ Rubin, Norman (March 9, 1987). "The Community Of Helping Hands". Newsday. p. 28. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 285385613.
  142. ^ a b "Hall of Science Offers Computerized Help". Newsday. April 20, 1988. p. 39. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  143. ^ a b Angier, Natalie (June 7, 1992). "For the Museum-Shy, Science on the Streets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  144. ^ a b c d e Fried, Joseph P. (August 27, 1988). "New York City's Hall of Science Discovers a Success Formula". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  145. ^ Iverem, Esther (July 3, 1990). "On the Grounds at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Framing a Park With Art Drawn From Four Artists". Newsday. p. 11. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278253161.
  146. ^ a b Shepard, Richard F. (September 13, 1992). "Other Boroughs; Queens: Museum for Movies And Hands-On Science Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  147. ^ a b "Queens Fact". Newsday. February 9, 1992. p. 1. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278445525.
  148. ^ a b Charles, Nick (April 27, 1996). "Queens' Science Project". New York Daily News. p. 21. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  149. ^ Marriott, Michel (October 30, 1991). "Science Centers Help Bring Schoolwork to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  150. ^ a b Leahy, Jack (April 28, 1992). "Hall of Science on a space trip". New York Daily News. p. 515. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  151. ^ a b c Smedile, Vincent P. (January 27, 1993). "Closeup Hall is Down a Science $13m Project Expands Historic Museum". Newsday. p. 27. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278583092.
  152. ^ a b c Chetty, Sharon (April 21, 1996). "Neighborhood Report: Flushing; Science Hall's 30-Year Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  153. ^ Iverem, Esther (January 20, 1991). "Queens '91 Culture Culture Vultures Circle, but Arts Aren't Out Yet". Newsday. p. 17. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278306401.
  154. ^ Newkirk, Pamela (May 17, 1992). "Coming to Life Overdue facelift for park in works". Newsday. p. 1. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278509560.
  155. ^ a b c Hunter-Hodge, Karen (December 17, 1992). "Lift-off for rehab on Hall of Science". New York Daily News. p. 47. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  156. ^ Mangaliman, Jessie (October 24, 1992). "State Announces Bond Projects". Newsday. p. 12. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278556127.
  157. ^ Sampey, Kathleen (November 16, 1993). "Big bucks for Hall of Science". New York Daily News. p. 1087. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  158. ^ a b Morales, Tina (March 20, 1994). "Outings Sound Sensations at New York Hall of Science Museum". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278743400.
  159. ^ Howe, Marvine (July 3, 1994). "Neighborhood Report: Flushing Update; Fatal Accident At Science Hall Still a Mystery". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  160. ^ Avasthi, Surabhi (January 30, 1995). "Kids will get swing of science at park". New York Daily News. p. 661. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  161. ^ a b c Kim, Rose (April 25, 1996). "Toast to Expanded Hall of Science". Newsday. p. A31. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278960638.
  162. ^ a b "Queens Science Project". New York Daily News. April 27, 1996. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  163. ^ a b Kim, Rose (April 28, 1996). "Science Hall Has Success Formula". Newsday. pp. 8, 24. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  164. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vallo, Mary (May 18, 1996). "The Future is Now a World's Fair Relic is Reborn as a High-tech, Hands-on Hall of Science". The Record. pp. 27, 28. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  165. ^ a b c d "New York Hall of Science opens $13 million expansion". New York Amsterdam News. May 18, 1996. p. 39. ProQuest 2663459739.
  166. ^ "Back to Two Futures: Science at the World's Fairs". The New York Times. November 10, 1996. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  167. ^ a b c Reyes, Damaso (June 28, 1997). "Hall of Science Playground opens with much fanfare in Queens". New York Amsterdam News. p. 34. ProQuest 2632183542.
  168. ^ a b Bertrand, Donald (June 15, 1997). "Grounds for sci-hijinks". New York Daily News. p. 105. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  169. ^ a b "Alan Friedman". New York Daily News. January 6, 1997. p. 540. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  170. ^ a b c d Browne, Malcolm W. (March 18, 1997). "Museum Innovator Delights in Bringing Science to the Public". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  171. ^ Bertrand, Donald (December 26, 1997). "Towering successes". New York Daily News. p. 492. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  172. ^ MacGowan, Carl (October 31, 1999). "Outings / Hall of Science is Thinking Small". Newsday. p. G11. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279248226.
  173. ^ Rhoades, Liz (September 28, 2000). "Hall Of Science Gets Fed. Grant For Creating Traveling Exhibit". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  174. ^ a b MacGowan, Carl (July 25, 1999). "Kids Tuning In to Sounds of Science". Newsday. p. 244. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "It's Playtime at Science Hall Here, It's Fun to Learn". New York Daily News. September 21, 1999. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  175. ^ a b c Henican, Ellis (October 30, 1998). "Space-Age Revival". Newsday. p. A07. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279156040.
  176. ^ a b c Kreinin Souccar, Miriam (January 29, 2001). "Hall of Science adapts to realities of business life". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 17, no. 5. p. 4. ProQuest 219157213.
  177. ^ "New York". Engineering News-Record. Vol. 241, no. 16. October 26, 1998. p. 72. ProQuest 235732207.
  178. ^ a b c Dunlap, David W. (August 26, 2001). "A Queens Park's Past Shapes Its Future". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  179. ^ a b El-Ghobashy, Tamer (January 17, 2001). "New Discovery Lab Tackles Molecules". New York Daily News. p. 3. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 305568381.
  180. ^ a b Glenn, David J. (February 15, 2001). "Psychology, molecules explored at Hall of Science". QNS. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  181. ^ a b Larco, Sally (August 11, 2001). "Aged Rockets to Get a Boost". Newsday. p. 2. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  182. ^ a b c Banduci, Lucy (August 16, 2001). "NY Hall Of Science Rockets Dismantled For Restoration". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  183. ^ a b c d El-Ghobashy, Tamir (August 12, 2001). "All Systems Go for Rehab; Hall of Science rockets 'take off'". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  184. ^ a b Kreinin Souccar, Miriam (October 29, 2001). "A lucky handful of arts groups are building additions". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 17, no. 44. p. 4. ProQuest 219171107.
  185. ^ Hendrick, Dan (November 27, 2001). "City Cuts Art Budget / Queens' culture world struggles with funding losses". Newsday. p. A49. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279516080.
  186. ^ Lipson, Karin (August 1, 2002). "Feeling the Pinch / City culture centers adjust to tighter belts". Newsday. p. B03. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279635715.
  187. ^ Kreinin Souccar, Miriam (September 2, 2002). "Marketing muse tapped to save the starving arts". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 18, no. 35. p. 4. ProQuest 219190483.
  188. ^ "Councilwoman Marshall Launches Model Rocket At Hall Of Science Groundbreaking". New Voice of New York. October 31, 2001. p. 14. ProQuest 368095073.
  189. ^ Frederickson, Tom (November 5, 2001). "Building costs start to rise as reconstruction picks up". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 17, no. 45. p. 19. ProQuest 219128257.
  190. ^ a b Rhoades, Liz (February 13, 2003). "NY Hall Of Science On Target For Expansion Opening In 2004". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  191. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (June 26, 2002). "Reduction In Budget Cut Relieves Arts Groups". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  192. ^ a b c Krawitz, Alan (March 10, 2002). "Big, and Getting Better / From Sports to Science, the City's Third- Largest Park is Getting Major Upgrades". Newsday. p. G06. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279569089.
  193. ^ a b c d Kreinin Souccar, Miriam (August 16, 2004). "Testing a theory". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 20, no. 33. p. 3. ProQuest 219200960.
  194. ^ Bashinsky, Jonathan (October 30, 2003). "There's a Method to Science Hall's Gala". New York Daily News. p. 6. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 305844158.
  195. ^ Yaniv, Oren (October 6, 2004). "2.2m for Science Hall". New York Daily News. p. 3. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 305910798.
  196. ^ Kreinin Souccar, Miriam (March 1, 2004). "$300 million set for WTC arts centers". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 20, no. 9. p. 1. ProQuest 219214458; Pogrebin, Robin (September 25, 2003). "Ground Zero Arts Proposals Are Complete". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  197. ^ a b c d Kilgannon, Corey (October 3, 2003). "The Final Frontier: Queens; Museum's Rockets Return After a Tuneup in Ohio". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  198. ^ a b c Bertrand, Donald (October 2, 2003). "Rockets Land Back at Park After 2-year Fixup". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Rhoades, Liz (October 9, 2003). "Two Rockets Return Home To NY Hall Of Science Park Area". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  199. ^ Bertrand, Donald (October 1, 2004). "Reopened Rocket Park Puts Space Fans in Orbit". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Kilgannon, Corey (October 1, 2004). "The Rocket Park Reopens, And Cronkite Reminisces". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  200. ^ a b Ritter, Malcolm (November 24, 2004). "Please put your hands on the exhibits". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  201. ^ a b c Rothstein, Edward (November 24, 2004). "From Internet Arm Wrestling to the Magic of Math". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  202. ^ a b Dominguez, Robert (November 26, 2004). "Hall of a Show World's Fair Science Center Returns to Connect With Kids". New York Daily News. p. 69. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 305923185.
  203. ^ a b c d Saul, Michael (November 28, 2004). "A Hands-on Approach Hall of Science Upgrade is Child's Play". New York Daily News. p. 1. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 305922059.
  204. ^ Rhoades, Liz (May 1, 2008). "Hall Of Science Chief To Step Down In July". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; "She's a force of nature – naturally". QNS. July 9, 2008. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  205. ^ Kreinin Souccar, Miriam (February 23, 2009). "Outside the diorama". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 25, no. 8. p. 24. ProQuest 219152059; Rhoades, Liz (November 20, 2008). "Educator Honey heads N.Y. Hall of Science". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  206. ^ a b Duke, Nathan (June 24, 2009). "Hall of Science mini golf pairs links, lunar landers". QNS. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  207. ^ a b c d Bardolf, Deirdre (July 7, 2022). "May the fores be with you at NYSCI mini golf". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  208. ^ a b c Tierney, John (June 15, 2009). "Golfing Through the Stratosphere". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  209. ^ a b c d e f Rhoades, Liz (July 2, 2015). "Great Hall reopens at Flushing Meadows". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  210. ^ a b Colangelo, Lisa L. (April 21, 2009). "Good time to fix aging Great Hall". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  211. ^ Agovino, Theresa (May 5, 2014). "NY's new arts nexus". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 30, no. 18. p. 1. ProQuest 1524228186. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  212. ^ a b c d Guerre, Liam La (September 4, 2014). "NY Hall of Science $15M renovation nearing completion". QNS. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  213. ^ a b c Agovino, Theresa (January 6, 2014). "Rising hope". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 30, no. 1. p. 21. ProQuest 1477462501.
  214. ^ a b Meier, Allison (July 14, 2015). "New York's Cathedral of Science Reopens with Interactive Ecology Beneath the Stars". Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Colangelo, Lisa L. (June 26, 2015). "New York Hall of Science's 'Cathedral' renovation shifts focus to Earth, sustainability with interactive exhibit". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  215. ^ Matua, Angela (August 22, 2016). "State-of-the-art pre-K center focusing on STEAM classes will open near Hall of Science in Corona". QNS. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  216. ^ Blain, Glenn (November 30, 2017). "Cuomo approves plan to build pre-K at New York Hall of Science". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Matua, Angela (November 30, 2017). "Cuomo signs bill to allow pre-K center to be built on Flushing Meadows Park grounds". QNS. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  217. ^ "City Partners With New York Hall Of Science To Bring STEAM Pre-K Center To Queens". CBS New York. November 3, 2019. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Kaufman, Maya (November 1, 2019). "City To Build $42M Preschool Next To NY Hall Of Science In Queens". Jackson Heights-Elmhurst, NY Patch. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  218. ^ a b Clark, Roger (October 27, 2023). "New York Hall of Science's playground is back in Queens". Spectrum News NY1. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  219. ^ Mohamed, Carlotta (March 13, 2020). "New York Hall of Science to temporarily close it doors beginning March 14". QNS. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  220. ^ "Around the Country". Natural History. Vol. 129, no. 2. February 2021. pp. 40–41. ProQuest 2478111641.
  221. ^ Dorgan, Michael (July 8, 2021). "New York Hall of Science in Corona Reopens With New "Happiness" Exhibit". Sunnyside Post. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  222. ^ a b Spivack, Caroline (August 3, 2022). "New York remains vulnerable to flooding a decade after Sandy as resilience initiatives plod along". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  223. ^ a b Tyler, Dana (February 22, 2022). "New York Hall of Science reopens after sustaining extensive damage from Hurricane Ida remnants". CBS New York. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  224. ^ a b Donlevy, Katherine (December 9, 2021). "NYSCI lost about half its exhibits due to Ida". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  225. ^ "NYSCI reopened Saturday". Queens Chronicle. February 18, 2022. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Smith, Steve (February 23, 2022). "New York Hall of Science is happy to be open again". Gothamist. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  226. ^ a b Parry, Bill (October 21, 2022). "New York Hall of Science reopens more than a year after extensive flood damage from Hurricane Ida". QNS. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  227. ^ Lee, Alex; Jasinski, Allie; Jondonero, AJ (October 14, 2022). "New York Hall of Science gears up for grand reopening". PIX11. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  228. ^ a b c Kropf, Peter (December 29, 2022). "NYSCI is again a fully operational learning station". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  229. ^ Barron, James (September 12, 2024). "A Science Museum in Queens Names a New President". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  230. ^ a b "Flushing Meadows-Corona Park". New York Daily News. August 26, 2013. p. 4. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  231. ^ Stone, Adam (April 6, 2008). "Exploring Manhattan – and Beyond". Federal Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
  232. ^ a b c d "Museum review: The New York Hall of Science". Discover. Vol. 20, no. 4. April 1999. p. 20. ProQuest 206001382.
  233. ^ a b c Guberman, Ira D. (June 3, 1973). "Hall of Science Gets Ready for Summer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  234. ^ Greenbaum, Stephen (July 2002). "Hall of Science Museum station showcases hands-on technology". QST. Vol. 86, no. 7. p. 79. ProQuest 228536964.
  235. ^ Burby, Liza N. (November 22, 2004). "New exhibits, inside and out". Newsday. p. 74. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  236. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (April 12, 1988). "Museum to Display Working Model of Atom". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  237. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (April 30, 1991). "A Child's-Eye View Of Microscopic Realms". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  238. ^ Burby, Liza N. (November 22, 2004). "New exhibits, inside and out". Newsday. p. 74. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  239. ^ a b Reyes, Damaso (December 9, 2004). "NY Hall of Science unveils new addition". New York Amsterdam News. p. 39. ProQuest 390195444.
  240. ^ a b c d e MacGowan, Carl (November 21, 2004). "The $68-million science project, A sparkling new wing opens on Thanksgiving Day, launching a new era at the N.Y. Hall of Science". Newsday. p. G06. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279888993.
  241. ^ Holtermann, Gabriele (July 5, 2021). "New York Hall of Science's new exhibit invites visitors to explore the meaning of happiness". QNS. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  242. ^ Rabin, Bernard (April 8, 1970). "Starry-Eyed Kids Open Planetarium". New York Daily News. p. 355. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  243. ^ a b Shepard, Richard F. (February 10, 1978). "In Queens, Science Has a Hall of Fun". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  244. ^ "Discover New Era at Hall of Science". New York Daily News. April 22, 1996. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  245. ^ Funke, Phyllis (April 7, 1974). "Science Is Blended With Art in Display". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  246. ^ "'Gods in Sky' Show at Hall of Science". New York Daily News. March 16, 1975. p. 257. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  247. ^ "Art of Yugoslavia Shown At Queens Science Hall". The New York Times. April 1, 1977. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  248. ^ Herbert, Robert (February 18, 1977). "Textiles Show Fabric of Poland's History". New York Daily News. p. 604. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  249. ^ Clinton, Audrey (May 28, 1977). "Antiques: Fire buffs and memorabilia". Newsday. p. 9A. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 923352118.
  250. ^ "Flushing Fete to Celebrate Bicentennial". New York Daily News. May 21, 1975. p. 329. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  251. ^ "Exhibit of minerals listed at Hall of Science". New York Daily News. April 12, 1978. p. 609. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  252. ^ "Wood-Burning Stoves on Display". The New York Times. November 8, 1979. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  253. ^ Elman, Susan (July 23, 1978). "Flight Exhibit Takes Off". Newsday. p. 23Q. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 925953316.
  254. ^ "Placid tests for ski buffs". New York Daily News. February 7, 1980. p. 841. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  255. ^ "'Micro-Tennis' in Queens". The New York Times. September 5, 1980. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  256. ^ Robin, William (June 5, 2021). "Yoshi Wada, Inventive Creator of Sound Worlds, Dies at 77". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  257. ^ "Construction Machinery In Queens Exhibition". The New York Times. July 3, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  258. ^ Dallas, Gus (July 13, 1992). "Columbus' slow boats to China ... put him on fast track". New York Daily News. p. 396. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  259. ^ Queen, Joe (July 3, 1993). "Rats Pound And Astound for The Sake of Science". Newsday. p. 2. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278636113.
  260. ^ Allen, Michael O. (November 29, 1993). "AIDS exhibit offers lesson for young". New York Daily News. p. 217. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  261. ^ "Why are manhole covers round?". Tarrytown Daily News. The Associated Press. June 8, 1994. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  262. ^ "Playing in the Neighborhood". The New York Times. September 24, 1995. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  263. ^
  264. ^
  265. ^
  266. ^ "Students Bone Up in Museum at Old Fair Site". The New York Times. November 11, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  267. ^ "Kids to Gaze at Stars Again". New York Daily News. February 4, 1972. p. 280. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  268. ^ DiPetto, Adam (September 1, 1976). "Amateur Radio Courses at Hall of Science". New York Daily News. p. 505. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  269. ^ Queen, Joseph W. (October 31, 1989). "Queens Neighborhoods". Newsday. p. 21. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278185114; Alvarez, Lizette (November 3, 1989). "Be a science teacher". New York Daily News. p. 371. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  270. ^ Finnegan, Michael (April 27, 1993). "Science goes video". New York Daily News. p. 747. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  271. ^ "Playing in the Neighborhood: Corona; Why Pop-Up Books Pop and Soda Fizzes". The New York Times. January 30, 1994. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  272. ^ Simmons, Curt (November 16, 1993). "JROTC Set for Queens". Newsday. p. 7. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com; Sampey, Kathleen (November 16, 1993). "Big bucks for Hall of Science". New York Daily News. p. 271. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  273. ^ Colangelo, Lisa L. (June 29, 1999). "Kids learning about science – & teamwork". New York Daily News. p. 675. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  274. ^ Banjo, Shelly (September 9, 2010). "Heard & Scene: Play Space for Hall of Science". The Wall Street Journal. p. A23. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 749967651.
  275. ^ "The Alan J. Friedman Center For The Development Of Young Scientists – Reimagining Equity and Values in Informal Science Education". Reimagining Equity and Values in Informal Science Education. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  276. ^ Colangelo, Lisa L.; Moon, Grace (June 25, 2018). "Girls in Tech initiative teaches programming to Queens teenagers". amNewYork. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  277. ^ Colangelo, Lisa L. (July 23, 2017). "Inside New York Hall of Science's new pilot program that brings STEM to seniors". amNewYork. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  278. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (November 13, 2006). "Cultural Giving by Companies: a Two-Way Street". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  279. ^ Parry, Bill (August 9, 2023). "New York Hall of Science offers indoor, outdoor activities for families at recently reopened Great Hall Terrace". QNS. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  280. ^ Parry, Bill (February 23, 2023). "A 'unique partnership': New York Hall of Science providing new pathway to careers for children in greater Corona neighborhoods". QNS. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  281. ^ Ruiz, Albor (April 9, 1998). "Hall of Science Aids Web Site's a Real Lifesaver". New York Daily News. p. 8. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 313612805.
  282. ^ Braziller, Zachary (September 28, 2006). "Hall of Science's Virtual Tour gets an upgrade". QNS. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  283. ^ Sheridan, Dick (June 4, 2000). "Students Use Mice to Nibble at Science". New York Daily News. p. 1. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 313771134; Williams, Stephen (May 16, 2000). "Expanding the Experience of Science". Newsday. p. 43. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  284. ^ Bird, David (February 22, 1967). "Up, Up, Up on Wings of Paper; Aero Contest Ends in Hall of Science With 7 Winners Up, Up, Up on Wings of Paper: 7 Win Trophies in Aero Contest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  285. ^ "Here Are the School Science Fair Champions". New York Daily News. April 7, 1968. p. 66. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  286. ^ Clinton, Audrey (July 7, 1989). "The Atlantic Comes to Coney Island". Newsday. p. 187. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  287. ^ Graeber, Laurel (August 7, 1998). "Family Fare; Fun, Feathers And Physics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  288. ^ "It's high-tech art". New York Daily News. April 18, 1990. p. 426. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  289. ^ Graeber, Laurel (July 21, 2016). "Tarantulas to Pet and Crickets to Taste: It's Bug Day at the Hall of Science". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  290. ^ Queen, Joe (October 28, 1990). "Queen's Queens Halloween: It's Enough to Make Us a Bit Batty". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278319388.
  291. ^ Kaufman, Bill (January 7, 1979). "Hall of Science to Feature 'Eclipse '79'". Newsday. p. 21Q. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 964491090.
  292. ^ Kaye, Jacob; Kaye/, Jacob (April 5, 2024). "Queens museum with cosmic history to host eclipse watch party". Queens Daily Eagle. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  293. ^ Best, Neil F. (August 14, 1989). "Queens Neighborhoods". Newsday. p. 19. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278032039.
  294. ^ Parry, Bill (December 12, 2022). "Holiday skating rink opens inside the New York Hall of Science in Flushing Meadows Corona Park". QNS. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; "Ice skating rink opens at NY Hall of Science in Queens for the holidays". ABC7 New York. December 10, 2022. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  295. ^ Murphy, William; English, Merle (January 4, 2002). "Pols & Politics / Seen and Heard at Swearing-in". Newsday. p. A14. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279522495; Shifrel, Scott (January 4, 2002). "Beep Marshall Sworn in". New York Daily News. p. 1. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 305706253.
  296. ^ Vogel, Scott (April 26, 2024). "Queens Night Market: International cuisines in Long Island's backyard". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Keogh, Elizabeth; Wulfhorst, Ellen (July 18, 2021). "New Yorkers hungry for diverse food and festivities flock to reopened Queens Night Market". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  297. ^ Waldstein, David; Bhaskar, Gabriela (September 6, 2023). "The Nets Are Up in Flushing Meadows. But Not for the Sport You Think". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  298. ^ "Creativity shines at Maker Faire at New York Hall of Science". QNS. September 30, 2010. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  299. ^ Morris, Larra (June 13, 2019). "What We Lose If We Lose Maker Faire". EEJournal. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  300. ^ Whitehouse, Beth (December 15, 2020). "500 gingerbread houses make up sweet display at Long Island museum". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024; Vertuccio, Rocco (July 16, 2022). "GingerBread Lane brings Christmas spirit to city". Spectrum News NY1. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  301. ^ Hajela, Deepti (December 26, 2006). "N.Y. Museum Offers Sleepovers for Children and Parents". Pittsburgh Post – Gazette. p. C-5. ProQuest 390716920.
  302. ^ a b Time Out New York. Time Out Guides. Time Out. 2012. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-84670-319-5. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  303. ^ Pollak, Michael (July 1, 2007). "Worlds Away". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  304. ^ "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  305. ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1052.
  306. ^ a b c d Pepi, Gembinski & Buchner 2014, p. 271.
  307. ^ a b c d e f g h Stephens 2005, p. 225.
  308. ^ a b c Pepi, Gembinski & Buchner 2014, p. 272.
  309. ^ a b "Film & Photo Shoots". New York Hall of Science. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  310. ^ "Discover New Era at Hall of Science". New York Daily News. April 22, 1996. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved September 6, 2024; Kimmelman, Michael (August 19, 2005). "Risks and Rewards of Art in the Open". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  311. ^ a b c Dunlap, David W. (April 26, 2001). "When City Hall Smiles on Public Art". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  312. ^ a b c d Hill, John (2011). Guide To Contemporary New York City Architecture. Architecture / regional. WW Norton. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-393-73326-6. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  313. ^ a b Rabinowitz 2004, p. 1.
  314. ^ a b c d Davidson, Justin (November 22, 2004). "Science in a magical space, Architect Todd Schliemann covers all the angles while shedding light with his Japanese-inspired addition to the New York Hall of Science". Newsday. pp. B2, B3. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279886146. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  315. ^ a b c d e Stephens 2005, p. 226.
  316. ^ a b c Rabinowitz 2004, p. 3.
  317. ^ Rhoades, Liz (December 2, 2004). "Hall Of Science Addition Opens With A Fed. Grant Of $1 Million". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  318. ^ Ilel, Neille (October 7, 2004). "NY Hall Of Science Rocket Park Is Ready For Lift-Off In Flushing". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  319. ^ Graeber, Laurel (April 14, 2011). "Extraordinary Playgrounds in New York City Boroughs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  320. ^ a b c Serviss, Naomi (June 20, 1997). "The Fun of Physics / Playground lets kids absorb science while they monkey around". Newsday. p. 103. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  321. ^ a b c d e Vallo, Mary (August 15, 1997). "Science in Action Playground Teaches During the Fun". The Record. p. 99. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  322. ^ Kerns, Jeff (August 5, 2017). "Top 10 Engineering Sites in NYC (Part 2)". Machine Design. ProQuest 1930069066.
  323. ^ a b c Bertrand, Donald (June 15, 1997). "Grounds for sci-hijinks". New York Daily News. p. 105. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  324. ^ a b c Giovannini, Joseph (July–August 1999). "Kidpower: New York Hall of Science playground". I D: The International Design Magazine. Vol. 46, no. 5. p. 170. ProQuest 214757029.
  325. ^ Young, Victoria (June 21, 1998). "Playing in the Neighborhood". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  326. ^ "Science Playground". Time Out New York Kids. March 26, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  327. ^ "New York Hall of Science". GuideStar Profile. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  328. ^ a b Suozzo, Andrea; Glassford, Alec; Ngu, Ash; Roberts, Brandon (May 9, 2013). "New York Hall Of Science". ProPublica. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  329. ^ Barstow, David (November 4, 1999). "3 Cultural Officials Defend Actions of Brooklyn Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  330. ^ Belluck, Pam (May 21, 1996). "A New Star In Constellation Of Art's Giants;Queens Landmark Wins A Coveted Cultural Title". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  331. ^ Collins, Glenn (July 12, 1991). "Fiscal Woe Takes Toll On the Arts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  332. ^ "Cultural institutions face threat of budget cuts". The Journal News. May 27, 1999. pp. 21. 28. Retrieved September 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  333. ^ Firestone, David (July 18, 1994). "For Cultural Institutions, Art of Collaboration Is Biggest Show in Town". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  334. ^ Kreinin Souccar, Miriam (February 10, 2003). "Capital cuts imperil major cultural plans". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 19, no. 6. p. 1. ProQuest 219169585; Pogrebin, Robin (May 15, 2003). "New York Cultural Groups Outline Budget-Cut Toll". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  335. ^ Roberts, Sam (July 6, 2005). "City Groups Get Bloomberg Gift of $20 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  336. ^ "Carnegie Corporation of New York Announces Twenty Million Dollars in New York City Grants". Carnegie Corporation. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  337. ^ Martin, Jo (December 29, 1967). "You'll Dig 'Masada!'". New York Daily News. p. 38. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved September 6, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  338. ^ Huxtable, Ada Louise (September 10, 1964). "Romantic Science Hall; Harrison's Building at World's Fair Reminds One of 13th Century Cathedral". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  339. ^ Toy, Vivian S. (May 15, 1999). "Queens Finds Its Own Landmarks; One Resident's Poultry Market Is Another's Historic Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  340. ^ Stephens 2005, p. 228.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Hall of Science.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Hall_of_Science&oldid=1253808935"